Reproduction

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts related to reproduction, cell division, and hormones.

Cell Cycle

A series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides.

Mitosis

Process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four non-identical haploid gametes.

Diploid (2n)

Cells with two copies of each chromosome.

Haploid (n)

Cells containing one copy of each chromosome.

Interphase

The longest part of the cell cycle, consisting of G₁, S, and G₂ stages.

G₁ Stage

Presynthetic Gap where cells create organelles and increase in size.

S Stage

The Synthesis stage where DNA is replicated.

G₂ Stage

Postsynthetic Gap where the cell checks for DNA integrity before mitosis.

Cytokinesis

The process of cytoplasm division at the end of mitosis.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and the spindle apparatus forms.

Metaphase

The stage in mitosis where chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.

Anaphase

The phase in mitosis where sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles.

Telophase

The final phase of mitosis where nuclear membranes reform around two sets of chromosomes.

p53

A tumor suppressor gene that regulates the cell cycle and prevents cancer.

Oncogenes

Genes that promote cell division when mutated.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that regulate cell division and may lead to cancer when mutated.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Chiasma

The point of contact between homologous chromosomes during crossing over.

Oogonia

Female germ cells that develop into oocytes.

Primary Oocyte

An immature female gamete arrested in prophase I.

Secondary Oocyte

A female gamete arrested in metaphase II.

Sertoli Cells

Cells in the testes that nourish developing sperm cells.

Leydig Cells

Interstitial cells in the testes that produce testosterone.

Corpus Luteum

The structure that develops from the follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone.

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

Hormone that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Hormone that triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

Menstrual Cycle

The monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system including ovulation and menstruation.

Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus that thickens in preparation for implantation.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Hormone secreted by an embryo that maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.