World History Semester 2

What was the Renaissance about?

Cultural/artististic/ideological changes (celebrating greco-roman art/culture, better art techniques)

What was the Reformation about?

Split of the Catholic Church and start of Protestantism

What was the Scientific Revolution about?

Use of scripture to understand God but now use empiricism and rationalism to understand the physical world.

What is the difference between Renaissance and Medieval art?

Renaissance art focuses on perspective, color, a bit more emotion. Greek/Roman Mythology is a common theme. Medieval art is flat, less emotion, perspective is off, usually religious or militaristic

What is the 95 Thesis and who was it written by?

A list of 95 complaints about Church corruption.

Martin Luther wrote it and unwittingly (at first) started the Protestant Reformation and the church of Lutheranism

What was the cause and effect of the 30 years war?

Cause - religious intolerance in the Holy Roman Empire

Effect - religious tolerance

What is empiricism?

Knowing stuff using tests and observations with your senses

What is rationalism?

Knowing things you can't sense because it is the most logical conclusion

What is scriptural thinking?

Knowing something because it is in a holy text

Who was Galileo?

He furthered ideas of Copernicus and Kepler about Heliocentricity (sun centered Universe).

Why was Galileo put into house arrest?

Put under house arrest because he loudly disagreed with the Church several times in an era of tension

What was happening between Muslim powers like Ottomans and Safavids?

They were fighting over religion between Ottoman Suni Muslims and Safavid Shia Muslims

Where was there an increase in syncretism (religious blending)?

India's Mughal Empire, Sikh becomes a new world religion

When did much of Europe legally allow religious freedom?

After the 30 Years War

What was the #1 reason for how European colonizers were able to take over North and South America quickly?

Disease

What are the components needed for a new plague to start?

Contact with animals, big cities, and dirty conditions

What factors encouraged exploration in the 1400s?

Mostly looking for trade and trade routes

Why had previous European and African explorers/traders not gone west like Columbus eventually did?

Columbus miscalculated the size of the earth most others knew that with current technology.

No one could make the distance from western Europe/Africa to China

What kinds of colonies were especially economically harmful due to them just taking all the raw resources back to the home country?

Extractive colonies

What were the causes of triangular trade and slavery?

Colonizers enslave Natives. When the Natives start dying to European plagues, they turn to African slaves

What were the effects of triangular trade and slavery?

1. Colony wealth and manufactured goods were used to buy/kidnap slaves from Africa

2. Slaves were forced to work in colonies to produce raw materials

3. Brought raw materials to Europe to manufacture goods and wealth

4. Repeat

What was the Columbian Exchange?

1. The movement of animals, plants, and diseases originally not found on one half of the world to the other.

2. It is how the Americas get horses, cows, sheep, smallpox and how Europe/Africa/Asia get potatoes, tomatoes, corn

How would life in the South East Americas before 1492 be different from life on the Great Plains?

South east was sedentary (had permanent homes) and did agriculture (grew most of their food).

The Great Plains were nomadic and hunted mostly Bison

How would life for Native Americans in the South East Americas After 1800 be different from Native Americans on the Great Plains?

South East Native Americans were forced on the Trail of Tears, moving them to Oklahoma.

Great Plains Native Americans had their main food source be exterminated

Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest are famous for what emblematic part of Native American imagery?

Totem Poles

What was one of the reasons for technological progress in Joseon Korea?

Removal of Caste barriers for government jobs

Why did Asian Nations fall behind economically/militarily in the time of colonialism?

Collapsing empires and civil wars like India, or shifting to policies of Isolation like China, Korea, and Japan

How is Mercantilism different from Laissez Faire?

Mercantilism is capitalism where the government tries to help local businesses to get more $ coming in the country than out.

Laissez-Faire is where the government just leaves the economy alone

What is Absolutism?

Absolutism is where monarchs became like dictators and had complete control over their countries.

What actions/policies would make a ruler Absolute?

Taking away power from nobles or parliaments

What are the Enlightenment Ideas?

Social contract, natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of religion, expression, and speech, Laissez-Faire

What is social contract?

Give up some freedoms to get protections/benefits.

What is natural rights?

Rights you are (or should be) born with.

What is separation of powers?

Splitting up government power over different branches of government

What is freedom of religion, expression, and speech?

You can believe what you want, express how you want and say what you want (with exceptions like you can't say fire in a crowded room)

What is Laissez-Faire?

Government stays out of the Economy as much as possible

What is baroque art?

Dramatic, either big bright scenes with lots of people or small dark scenes with just a few. often fighting or religious or famous people. Bright bold colors

What is rococo art?

Light, pastel, peaceful, often incorporating nature

How does the Enlightenment affect the UK and US?

Enlightenment ideas encourage more democracy in UK and encourage independence in the US.

What are the three estates?

1st estate: Clergy (priests, bishops, religious jobs)

2nd estate: Nobles (dukes, counts, people born into power)

3rd estate: everybody else but mostly peasants

What is the French Revolution?

End of French Monarchy, beginning of full democracy.

What is remarkable about Haiti in the Imperialism era?

1. They are the 2nd independent country in the western Hemisphere.

2. They are the 2nd democracy in the western hemisphere

3. They were the most successful slave rebellion in history

Why is Simon Bolivar important?

He fought for Latin American Independence and attempted to unify the region

How did class/caste play a role in the revolutions of Latin America?

Class/caste divisions prevented independence from happening sooner and would eventually lead to Revolutions in the 1900s

What is Nationalism?

National/historical pride to an extreme extent (and to the detriment of others)

What Government types would be considered conservative by 1800s standards?

Conservative means traditional values. In the 1800s that meant more monarchy power. Closer to absolute monarchy

What Government types would be considered liberal by 1800s standards?

Liberal means trying new ideas. In the 1800s that meant allowing people to vote or have a voice in government

Which 2 new countries formed because of Nationalism in the 1800s?

Italy and Germany

What 3 Empires fall at the end of WWI?

Ottomans, Russia, and Austria-Hungary

Which 3 old countries started having serious trouble in the 1800s to early 1900s because of Nationalism and why does it cause them trouble?

Ottomans, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. They took a lot of different nationalities over, so they wanted independence for the big Empires

What are the 4 ingredients needed for countries to Industrialize in the 1800s?

Coal

Capitalism

Agricultural Revolution

Imperialism

In addition to European countries, what two other countries have major success with Industrialization?

US and Japan (they are also the 2 non European countries that do a bit of Imperialism)

What economic ideologies arose out of the societal changes of the Industrial Revolution?

Laissez-Faire capitalism

Utilitarianism

Socialism

Communism

What does Laissez-Faire mean?

The government doesn't interfere with the economy

What does Utilitarianism mean?

Goal of society is to provide the most happiness to the most people

What does socialism mean?

Community as a whole would control big business rather than individuals

What does communism mean?

Worker's revolution would turn the world to a society without social classes or private property

What invention in the early 1830s would first revolutionize the speed that information could be spread?

Information could only go as fast as someone riding a horse until the Telegraph could send messages near instantly

What was the focus of the First Industrial Revolution?

First was pretty much just in Britain and first time factories and coal powered machines are used and they mostly make textiles (clothing)

What was the focus of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Second was in Europe, US, Japan and had electricity, steel, trains, cars, and so much more

Which 2 countries manage to stay independent through the "Scramble for Africa"?

Liberia and Ethiopia

How did Japan rise to power after opening up their country?

Industrialization and Imperialism

What was the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary? How does it affect Latin America?

US policies that block Europe but allow US to intervene in Latin American countries to try to further build up the US economy, often at the expense of Latin American people

What is direct rule?

Colonizer just directly owns the colony like a state

What is indirect rule?

Colonizer has a puppet government that does whatever it tells the place they took over to do

What controversial tactic does the British Government use to keep control of India when they want to rebel?

Pits Indians against each other based on religious differences

Who was invaded so the British could keep selling their people drugs?

China

Who were the original inhabitants of New Zealand and how did they interact with British settlers?

The Maori. They will trade with the British settlers until disputes over land arise

Who were the main Allied powers of WWI?

France, Russia, UK, Italy, US

Who were the man Central powers of WWI?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans

What made WWI especially deadly compared to previous wars?

New weapons like the machine gun + old outdated tactics + the 1918 flu pandemic

What were the MAIN causes of WWI?

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

What event "sparked" the beginning of WWI?

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Who are the 2 sides of the Russian Civil war and what do they want?

Reds (Bolsheviks) want to make Russia communist.

Whites (monarchists, nationalists democracy supporters) wanted to prevent Russia from becoming Communist

How does WWI change the roles and rights of many women?

In countries like the US and UK women get the right to vote

What does the Treaty of Versailles do?

Blame and fine Germany, break up Austria-Hungary and Ottomans

What event is going on in Mexico during/between the Interwar and WWI? Why was it happening?

Mexican Revolution, a civil war that results in more rights for more Mexicans

What began in South Africa between the wars? What does it do?

Apartheid is a policy of segregation hurting the Black population of South Africa

What did Atatürk and Reza Khan do for their countries (and what are those countries)?

Ataturk (Turkey) and Reza Khan (Persia) modernize their countries

Who is Gandhi and what did he do?

Pushes for Indian independence using peaceful means of civil disobedience

Who are the two sides in the Chinese civil war?

The Chinese communist party vs the Chinese Nationalists.

What were some of the believed causes of the Great Depression?

Gold standard

WWI web of debts

Decline of world trade

Weak US banking system

Economic ideas of the time

What were some of the effects of the Great Depression?

Rise in extremism around the world, increased oppression in African and South Asian colonies, extreme hardship

How did Hitler rise to power?

Scapegoated Jewish people, played up people's hatred.

When he ran for president, didn't get a majority of the votes but the president appointed him chancellor.

From Chancellor, he plays up other politicians fears to get more and more power

The invasion of which country starts WWII in Europe?

Poland

Which peoples, countries, and groups were crucial to the WWII war effort and how?

British intelligence - Spy network, Alan Turing's enigma decoder computer American steel - American factories were far from the front lines, so they could produce equipment while others were being bombed

Soviet blood - Somewhere in between 8.7 13.75 million military losses caused Germany to move more troops east

Partisans in every country, Jewish resistance fighters, women on home front in allied countries or on the front lines in the Soviet

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

US embargo of oil to Japan led to them running out of oil. They thought US would attack so they decide to attack them first

What was the Holocaust?

Nazi attempt to destroy the Jewish people

Why was the Cold War called "cold"?

Because the 2 main sides (NATO and Warsaw Pact) never directly fight each other, just smaller countries that supported the other side

Which countries were split by cold war occupation?

Germany, Korea, Vietnam

The weakening of European empires mixed with successful colonial resistance movements led to what?

Decolonization, freedom for most colonies around the world

How was the independence of Decolonization complicated by the Cold War?

US and Soviets influenced, intimidated, and invaded newly freed countries to make them on their side Capitalist or Communist

How did the Cold War end?

Soviet Union people and leaders reformed with perestroika and glasnost to become more open and less dictator-y.

The Soviet economy was also struggling from spending too much on the military

Why did the US fight Iraq the first time, invade Afghanistan, and then Fight Iraq the second time?

1) Iraq invaded Kuwait and nationalized the oil companies.

2) 9/11, US believes that Osama bin Laden did it and that the Taliban (Afghan gov.) is harboring him

3) Back in the first Persian Gulf war, US told Iraq to dismantle their Chemical "weapons of mass destruction"(WMDs) they did dismantle them. About 9 years later, it is said that they still had "WMDs" so the US invades (they did not have WMDs)