Chapter 1

Types of environment (phsyical)

Lithosphere

Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

Biosphere

(BLAH)

Atmosphere is the?

Layer of gases and tiny particles that surrounds the Earth.

Hydrosphere is the?

All the water found on Earth and in the atmosphere (hydrological cycle enables water to continuously move between the Earth’s surface, atmosphere and underground.

Lithosphere is the?

A solid layer of rock that forms the Earth’s surface. Land is formed by the movement of large layers of rock within the lithosphere

Biosphere is the?

all the living things on Earth, (plants and animal life found on land and in the sea, and is dependent on the other components of the physical environment.)

Human geography is the? + definitions of built environment

branch of geography that involves the study of human life in the built environment. It is the study of how both natures affect each other.

A built environment is the setting for human activities and interactions among people, like housing or transport systems.

Housing is the?

People developed structures or buildings to shelter themselves from the elements. (These structures or buildings can be temporary or permanent.)

Transport systems are the?

equipment infrastructure and networks that support the movement of people and goods from one location to another.

Geographical concepts: what are they? + the types

It is an important idea that geographers make use of to understand the world. There are 4 key concepts.

Space

Environment

Place

Scale

(SPES)

Space, what is it?

It is the physical area on Earth’s surface

Location. What is it? and the types of it.

It is an idea that is closely related to space but is expressed in coordinates.

If things are arranged in a particular way, it is called a spatial pattern. This can be identified as Linear or Cluster.

place, what is it?

It is an area of the Earth’s surface that holds sentimental value for people.

Environment, what is it?

It is either a built or physical environement, as well as the processes that occur naturally or result from human actors.

What is scale?

Scale refers to the level of detail at which geographers study something.

(For map scales, it is just the features of the physical and built environments, such as rivers andcitiess. Map scales are the relationship between a distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground.)

For a time scale, it is the period during which something happens.

Geographical scale refers to the spartial exent of something. (Local, National, Regional and Gloval)

gmt

what do geographers study?

How and where people live

• How human activities affect and are also affected by the natural environment

What do we study?

physical geography, which seeks to understand the earth’s natural environment and its processes

The four spheres work and interact with one another, and influence human activities and are in turn affected by humans’ use of the earth.

SUMMARY: Earth’s spheres are interconnected

A change in one sphere affects the others

Earth is a complex system.

population, def + population size

Population - total number of people living in a place

(how fast the population is growing and the movement of people from one place to another. Such factors will affect the environment in terms of how resources are used.

settlement def + characteristics + why geographers study this.

Settlements - where people live, work and carry out activities.

COUNTRYSIDE - Farmers and sometimes miners or fishermen
CITIES - people work in manufacturing services or service industries

(*why people choose to develop settlements, the activities they carry out there and the characteristics of settlements)