regulation of body fluids (#17)

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homeostasis

process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes;

involves osmoregulation, excretion, & thermoregulation

osmoregulation

regulation of water & solute levels in the body to maintain a constant balance;

essential for preventing dehydration or overhydration, especially in varying environmental conditions

hypothalamus

UNDER OSMOREGULATION:

detects changes in blood water levels and signals the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

UNDER OSMOREGULATION:

the hypothalamus detects changes in this which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine when water is scarce, or decreased levels when water is abundant, producing diluted urine

hypoosmotic

UNDER OSMOREGULATION:

refers to area of water with low solute concentration

hyperosmotic

UNDER OSMOREGULATION:

refers to water with high solute concentration

hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic

in osmoregulation, water moves from _____ areas to _____ areas via osmosis

osmoconformers

UNDER OSMOREGULATION:

relating to animal adaptations, these animals match their internal osmotic pressure with the environment

• ex. most marine invertebrates like jellyfish

osmoregulators

UNDER OSMOREGULATION:

relating to animal adaptations, these animals actively control internal osmotic pressure

• ex. freshwater fish & mammals

excretion

removal of metabolic wastes, such as nitrogenous compounds, from the body to maintain chemical balance

excretion

Without ______, toxic substances like ammonia or urea would accumulate and harm the organism.

Filtration

4 PROCESSES OF EXCRETION:

Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, separating waste from essential substances;

a mass of capiliaries

Reabsorption

4 PROCESSES OF EXCRETION:

Vital nutrients like glucose and water are returned to the bloodstream in the nephron

Secretion

4 PROCESSES OF EXCRETION:

Additional waste products are added to the filtrate

Excretion

4 PROCESSES OF EXCRETION:

Urine containing urea, water, and salts is expelled from the body

Ammonia

UNDER EXCRETION (NITROGENOUS WASTE):

Requires large amounts of water to excrete

• ex. in fish

Urea

UNDER EXCRETION (NITROGENOUS WASTE):

Less toxic and water-intensive

• ex. in mammals like humans

Uric Acid

UNDER EXCRETION (NITROGENOUS WASTE):

Excreted as a paste, conserving water

• ex. in birds & reptiles

ADH

UNDER EXCRETION (KEY HORMONES):

Enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys

Aldosterone

UNDER EXCRETION (KEY HORMONES):

Promotes sodium retention, indirectly increasing water reabsorption

thermoregulation

maintenance of a stable internal body temperature regardless of external changes;

ensures optimal enzyme activity and cellular functions by preventing overheating or excessive cooling

Conduction

MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER:

Direct heat transfer

• ex. sitting on a cold surface

Convection

MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER:

Heat transfer through air or water

• ex. wind blowing over skin

Radiation

MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER:

Heat transfer without direct contact

• ex. warmth from the sun

Evaporation

MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER:

Cooling through the transformation of liquid to gas

• ex. sweating

Endotherms

THERMOREGULATION IN ANIMALS:

refers to animals who generate heat internally to maintain a constant temperature

• ex. humans, birds

Ectotherms

THERMOREGULATION IN ANIMALS:

refers to animals who rely on external sources for body heat

• ex. reptiles like lizards

sweating, panting, & vasodilation

these adaptations to heat stress help release heat;

• ex. dogs pant to cool themselves on hot days

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels due to the relaxation of the blood vessel's muscular walls;

enhance blood flow to areas of the body lacking oxygen or nutrients, reducing blood pressure

vascoconstriction, shivering, & brown fat thermogenesis

these adaptations to cold stress help retain or generate heat;

• ex. polar bears rely on a thick layer of fat & fur to insulate against the cold

vascoconstriction

narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls;

blood flow is blocked

brown fat thermogenesis

when brown fat burns, it creates heat without shivering;

breaks down blood sugar (glucose) and fat molecules to create heat and help maintain body temperature

torpor

UNDER THERMOREGULATION:

state of reduced metabolic activity to conserve energy during extreme conditions

hibernation

TYPES OF TORPOR:

long-term torpor during winter

• ex. bears

aestivation

TYPES OF TORPOR:

long-term dormancy during dry or hot conditions

• ex. some amphibians

daily torpor

TYPES OF TORPOR:

short-term energy conservation

• ex. hummingbirds at night

concentrated urine

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to ______ urine when water is scarce.

diluted urine

As a result of not responding to the ADH signal, there is decreased levels of water reabsorption, leading to _____ urine when water is abundant.

kidneys

body organs which filter blood to remove waste and regulate water and ion levels, forming urine stored in the bladder and expelled through the urethra

maintain electrolyte balance in the body

what is the primary function of osmoregulation?

glomerulus

in the filtration process of urine, where is blood filtered?

nephron

in the reabsorption process, vital nutrients like glucose & water are returned to the bloodstream in the _____?;

functional unit

liver

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

this organ converts toxic nitrogen waste (ammonia) to less toxic urea.

renal arteries

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

these carry urea to kidneys

renal veins

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

the filtered blood collectively exits the kidney through these;

• after, wastes proceed to a collecting duct at each nephron

ureters

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

tubes that exit the kidney & store urine in the bladder, where it waits to be excreted

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Lungs, skin, large intestine, rectum, anus, & liver are all part of the excretory system.