Plants + Culture Prelim 1

4 important uses of plants?

1) Oxygen 2) Medicine 3) Materials (wood, fiber, paper) 4) Food

Approximate number of plant species on Earth?

200,000+

Approximate number of plant species in the Ocean?

8,600

How old is Earth?

4.5 billion years

How far away from the sun is Earth?

3 planets

By the end of what time period did the first photosynthesizing organisms emerge?

Archean

The first organisms were called…

Archaea

Where were archaea found?

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents

What are stromatolites?

Layers of lime-secreting cyanobacteria and trapped sediment.

What is the current Earth eon?

Phanerozoic era

What does eon mean?

An indefinite and very long period of time.

What 2 events characterized the paleozoic era?

1) Explosion in animal life 2) World’s largest mass extinction

What plant species arise during the Ordovician period?

Bryophytes: mosses, hornworts, liverworts

The Devonian period s characterized by…

The diversification of vascular plants; development of roots, leaves, seeds, wood, etc.

During what time period did Pangea take place?

Carboniferous

What plants took over in Permian era"?

Gymnosperm

What plant group took over during the Cretaceous era?

During what era did flowering plants, dicots, and monocots appear?

Cretaceous

Which plant species were the most dominant in most paleoecosystems?

Angiosperms

What are primary producers?

Organisms that are able to create their own food.

What process do plants use to create their own food?

Photosynthesis

What organelles allow plants to carry out photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts 

What does photosynthesis produce?

Sugar and O2

How are plants modular?

Their growth is dependent on the repeated production of modules; stems, leaves, roots

How do plants disperse?

Through pollination and attracting dispersers.

Algae are not plants because…

They lack plant structures and don’t have a vascular system.

What are the four algae groups?

Glaucophytes, rhodophytes (red), chlorophytes (green), charophytes

What are the groups of land plants?

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

What is the main ancestor of land plants?

Green algae, chlorophytes

What are the 3 plant lifespans?

Annual, biennial, perennial

What is the life span of annual plant?

Complete growth over one growing season and then die.

What is the life span of biennial plants?

2 growing seasons.

What occurs during the 2 growing seasons of a biennial plant?

1st: Roots, stems, and leaves

2nd: Flowers, fruits, and seeds 

What is the life of a perennial plant?

2+ years; annual growth, death, and regrowth

What characterizes herbaceous plants?

Soft, green stems

What characterizes woody plants?

Hard, woody stems

What are the 3 habits of woody plants?

1) shrub 2) vine 3) tree

What is shoot system of plant composed of?

Stem and leaves

What is the root system composed of?

roots

What are the vegetative organs of plants?

Stem, root, and leaf

What are the reproductive organs of plants?

Flower, fruit, seed

What is the function of the stem?

Support, transports, length

What is a node on a stem?

The place where one or more develops

What is the internode on a stem?

The space between two nodes

What are the 3 underground stems?

1) Rhizome 2) Tuber 3) Bulb

Function of underground stems?

Allow plant to survive unfavorable conditions and food storage

Characteristics of rhizomes and examples?

Distinct nodes and internodes, ex. ginger

Characteristics of tuber and examples?

Short and starchy, ex. potato

Characteristics of bulb and examples?

Short with fleshy leaves and layers, ex. onion

Function of sub-aerial stems?

Vegetative reproduction; a clone grows from portion of original plant

What are the 3 sub-aerial stems

1) Runner 2) Stolon 3) Sucker

Function of roots?

Absorption of water, anchor plant to the ground

What is the main root of a plant seedling called that can bear lateral roots?

The tap root.

What is the parenchyma?

Tissue composed of cells that do photosynthesis and store nutrients.

What is the function of leaves?

Main site of photosynthesis

What are the 3 types of leaf arrangement?

1) Alternate 2) Opposite 3) Whorled

What are the 2 types of leafs?

1) Simple 2) Compound

Function of flower?

Reproductive part of the plant

What is the male part of a flower?

The stamen (consists of long filament and anther, which produces pollen)

What is the female part of a flower?

The pistil (consists of long stye, stigma at the top, and ovary)

What is the flower attached to the plant by?

A pedicle

What are the 3 ovary positions?

1) Hypogyny 2) Epigyny 3) Perigyny

What does the ovary of a plant contain and what is their function?

Contains ovules which contain eggs that after fertilization become cells.

What is a fruit?

A ripened ovary

What is a seed?

A fertilized ovule

What is the body of a fruit called?

The pericarp

What are the layers of the pericarp called?

1) Exocarp (skin)  2) Mesocarp (meat)  3) Endocarp (portion surrounding the seed)

What is parthenocarpy?

The development of fruit without fertilization

What are parthenocarpic fruits?

Fruits that are seedless

Examples of parthenocarpic fruits?

Bananas and pineapples

What are the 2 categories of dry fruits?

1) Dehiscent 2) Indehiscent

What is a dehiscent fruit?

A fruit that splits opens to release its seeds (ex. peas, string beans)

What is a indehiscent fruit?

Fruits that don’t open to release their seeds (ex. nuts)

What are the 2 types of fleshy fruits?

1) Drupe  2) Berry

What are the 3 categories of berries?

1) Pepo 2) Pome 3) Hesperidium

What is an aggregate fruits?

Fruits derived from a cluster of ovaries in one flower

What is a multiple fruit?

A fruit derived from a group of flowers.

What are the two categories of ripening fruits?

1) Climateric fruits 2) Non-climateric fruits

What are climateriic fruits?

Fruits that continue to ripen after being harvested

What are non-climateric fruits?

Fruits that don’t continue to ripen after being picked

What do seeds contain?

An endosperm that provides nutrients for a developing plant

What is the seed coat called? 

The testa