A&P Chapter 1 & 2 Vocabulary: Homeostasis and Cellular Bone Anatomy

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms from Chapter 1 (Introduction to Homeostasis) and Chapter 2 (Skeletal System and Bone Tissue) of the lecture transcript.

Anabolic reaction

A metabolic process that builds up simple substances into complex tissues or molecules, such as using nutrients to construct muscle or bone tissue.

Catabolic reaction

A metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, such as digesting food to yield energy or basic building blocks.

Homeostasis

The state of internal balance and stability maintained by the body around a specific set point during a resting state.

Negative feedback system

A primary homeostatic mechanism where a disturbance away from a set point triggers an opposite response that brings body conditions back toward the set point.

Positive feedback system

A temporary response mechanism where a stimulus triggers changes that push conditions further away from the set point, such as during blood clotting or childbirth.

Shivering

Involuntary muscle contractions triggered in response to cold temperatures that generate heat as a byproduct to elevate body temperature.

Hematopoiesis

The physiological process occurring in red bone marrow responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets.

Red marrow

Bone marrow tissue responsible for producing blood cells through hematopoiesis, predominant in infants and found in specific bone regions in adults.

Yellow marrow

Bone marrow tissue located in the central cavities of adult long bones that functions primarily as fat and energy storage.

Osteoprogenitor cell

An unspecialized bone stem cell capable of differentiating into an osteoblast.

Osteoblast

A bone-building cell that synthesizes and secretes bone matrix to construct new bone tissue, eventually transforming into an osteocyte.

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell enclosed within the bony matrix that functions to maintain existing bone tissue.

Osteoclast

A large bone cell that breaks down and resorbs bone tissue, releasing stored minerals such as calcium into the blood.

Diaphysis

The central shaft of a long bone composed primarily of thick, strong compact bone surrounding a hollow cavity.

Epiphysis

An expanded end portion of a long bone containing spongy bone that absorbs shock where bones articulate.

Epiphyseal plate

A cartilage growth layer located in the epiphysis of growing long bones that enables bone elongation until ossifying and closing.