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Socialization
the LIFELONG PROCESS of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
Sociobiology
the systematic study of “social behavior from a BIOLOGICAL perspective”
Id
sigmund freud’s term for the component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological DRIVES and needs that demand immediate gratification
Ego
sigmund freud’s term for the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes RESTRICTIONS on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id
Superego
sigmund freud’s term for the conscience, consisting of the MORAL and ethical aspects of personality
Self-concept
the totality of our beliefs and feelings about OURSELVES
Looking-glass self
charles horton cooley’s term for the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the PERCEPTION of others
Role-taking
the process by which a person mentally assumes the ROLE of another person of group in order to understand the world from that person’s or group’s point of view
Significant others
those PERSONS whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self
Generalized other
George Herbert Mead’s term for a child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of a child’s SUBCULTURE
Primary socialization
the process of learning that begins at BIRTH and occurs in the home and family
Secondary socialization
the process of learning that takes place outside the home- in settings such as SCHOOLS, religious organizations, and the workplace- and helps individuals learn how to act in appropriate ways in various situations
Tertiary socialization
the process of learning that takes place when adults move into NEW settings where they must accept certain ideas or engage in specific behaviors that are appropriate to that specific setting
Agents of socialization
the persons, groups, or INSTITUTIONS that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society
Reciprocal socialization
the process by which the feelings, thoughts, appearance, and behavior of individuals who are undergoing socialization also have a DIRECT INFLUENCE on those agents of socialization who are attempting to influence them.
Peer group
a GROUP of people who are linked by common interests, equal social positions, and (usually) similar age
Mass media
large-scale organizations that use PRINT or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the internet) to communicate with large numbers of people.
Gender socialization
the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being FEMALE or MALE in a specific group of society
Racial socialization
the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of our RACIAL or ethnic status as it relates to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy
Anticipatory socialization
the process by which KNOWLEDGE and skills are learned for future roles
Social devaluation
a situation in which a person or group is considered to have LESS social value than other persons or groups
Ageism
prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of AGE, particularly against older persons
Resocialization
the process of learning a NEW and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and previous experience
Total institution
Erving Goffman’s term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the INSTITUTION
