AP World Unit 5 Illustrative Examples

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, leading to advances in science, philosophy, and political thought.

Rationalism - reason > emotion & authority

Scientific Revolution

reason > biblical & religious authority

extension of enlightenment

Individalism

Basic element of society is the individual not the collective group

Natural Rights (John Locke)

Fundamental rights inherent to all individuals, including life, liberty, and property, proposed by John Locke as essential for a just society.

Social Contract

An agreement among individuals to form a society and government, where they relinquish some freedoms in exchange for protection and the benefit of the collective.

Women’s Rights

Product of enlightenment

“A Vindication of the Rights of Women” - Mary Wollstonecraft

“Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen” - Olympe de Gouge

Seneca Falls Convention

Factory System

An industrial production method that brought together large numbers of workers and machines under one roof, maximizing efficiency and output.

Stem Engine

Converted fossil fuels into mechanical energy

allowed factories to be built anywhere and revolutionized transportation and manufacturing processes.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process in which parts are added in a sequential manner to create a finished product efficiently.

Tanzimat Reform

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century aimed at modernization, administrative efficiency, and the promotion of individual rights.

Tried to increase tariffs but they failed due to the British

Textile

Western style lawcodes

Expansive education system

Meiji Restoration

The period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan following the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, which sought to strengthen Japan against Western powers.

The Meiji Restoration transformed Japan's political, military, and economic systems, fostering a centralized government and adopting Western technologies and practices.

Became major industrial power

Done much faster than any European State

Free market + Laissez Faire

economic theories advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, promoting competition and consumer choice.

Decrease of mercantalism

Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation

A major banking institution founded in 1865, initially to finance trade between Europe and China, now providing a wide range of financial services globally.

Transnational Corporation

Marxism

Capitalism by nature = unstable due to class system

Advocated for socialism → classless society

Nationalism

sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, and social customs

military service

education

led to revolutions

French Revolution

Louiss 16th increased taxes → lower class rebelled

Declaration of rights of Man & Citizen: a fundamental document asserting individual rights and the principles of popular sovereignty.

Haitian Revolution

A successful anti-colonial uprising in 1791-1804 where enslaved people revolted against French colonial rule, leading to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black-led republic.

Propaganda Movement

A campaign in the late 19th century by Filipino reformists advocating for political reforms and greater autonomy from Spanish colonial rule, using literature, education, and media to promote their cause.

Unification of Italy & Germany

The process during the 19th century where various states in Italy and Germany joined together to form unified nations through a series of political and military conflicts, led by key figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Otto von Bismarck.