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Imprinting
The concept discovered by Konrad Lorenz where newly hatched goslings form an attachment to the first moving object they encounter.
Attachment
An emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers.
Secure Attachment
A type of attachment style where the infant is not distressed when caregiver leaves and acknowledges their return.
Avoidant Attachment
A type of attachment style where the infant is not distressed when caregiver leaves and does not acknowledge their return.
Ambivalent Attachment
A type of attachment style where the infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves and is difficult to calm when they return.
Disorganized Attachment
A type of attachment style characterized by a lack of consistent response patterns.
Temperament
Biologically based patterns of emotional and attentional reactivity in infants.
Harlow's Monkeys
Classic studies by Harry Harlow demonstrating that baby rhesus monkeys prefer comfort from a cloth mother over a wire mother, suggesting the importance of emotional bonds.
Internal Working Model
The mental representation of relationships that is formed during early attachment experiences.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
The theory that suggests younger adults focus on future-oriented information, while older adults prioritize emotional satisfaction in the present.
Moral Reasoning
The process by which individuals determine what is right or wrong in a given situation, often influenced by ethical principles, social norms, and personal beliefs.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
A framework by Lawrence Kohlberg that describes the progression of moral reasoning through six stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
Pre-conventional Level
The first level of Kohlberg's stages, where moral reasoning is based on the direct consequences for the individual, focusing on obedience and self-interest.
Conventional Level
The second level of Kohlberg's stages, where moral reasoning is based on societal norms and the desire to maintain order and gain approval.
Post-conventional Level
The third level of Kohlberg's stages, where moral reasoning is guided by abstract principles and the recognition of universal ethical values.
Ethical Relativism
The belief that moral judgments are valid only within particular cultural contexts and that there are no universal moral truths.
Utilitarianism
An ethical theory suggesting that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or utility.
Deontological Ethics
An ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of following rules and duties rather than focusing solely on the consequences of actions.
Virtue Ethics
An ethical theory that emphasizes the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy, suggesting that ethical behavior arises from a virtuous disposition.
Puberty
The developmental stage during which individuals experience physical and hormonal changes leading to sexual maturity. It typically occurs between ages 8-14 in girls and 9-15 in boys, marked by growth spurts and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Protraction of Adolescence
The extended period of development characterized by delayed physical, emotional, and social maturation, often seen in modern societies due to various factors like educational demands and changing social norms.
Emerging Sexuality
The process during which individuals begin to develop their sexual identities and orientations, typically beginning in adolescence.
Timing of Sexual Maturation
The age at which individuals reach physical and hormonal changes related to sexual maturity, which can vary among individuals.
Sexual Orientation
An individual's pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others, which can be influenced by biological, environmental, and social factors.
Biological Influences on Sexual Orientation
Research suggests that genetic and hormonal factors before birth may play a role in determining sexual orientation.
Adolescent Sexual Development
The phase during which adolescents navigate their sexual feelings, attractions, and identities, influenced by both biological changes and social contexts.
