Human Growth and Development Final Exam Study Guide

During an assessment of an infant, you note that when the infants head is turned to the right side, the leg and arm on the right side will extend, while the leg and arm on the left side will flex. You document this as what type of reflex?

Tonic neck reflex

Palmar grasp reflex

in response to stroking a baby's palm, the baby's hand will grasp. This reflex lasts a few months

You note that when a finger is placed under the toes of a newborn, the toes will curl downward. This is known as the ______

plantar grasp reflex

When the Moro reflex is stimulated in an infant, the infant will ________ the arms with the palms of the hands turned _______ and then move the arms _______ the body

Extend, upward, back to

When does the sucking reflex in an infant disappear and become voluntary?

4 months

In a 3 month old infant, you asses the babinski reflex. What is the appropriate response in an infant at this age?

The big toe dorsiflexes and the other toes spread outward

You note when a 2 month old is held upright with the legs and feet touching the surface, the infant will appear to be walking on the surface. This reflex is called?

Step reflex

The nurse wants to assess the crawling reflex in a newborn. How is this reflex assessed?

A. The nurse places the infant in the prone position and applies pressure with the hand to the sole of the foot. In response, the infant should attempt to push against the hand and move the arms and legs in a crawling like motion.

Which of the following as/have 23 unpaired chromosomes?

Both sperm and egg

In a human body, Al cells except the sperm and egg reproduce by a process called

Mitosis

Angela describes her friend as tall and slender with blue eyes and red hair. Angela is describing her friend's

Phenotype

Which of the following principles is demonstrated when one gene overrides the potential effect of a second gene?

dominant and recessive genes

Most characteristics are the result of the interaction of many different genes. This is the concept of

polygenic inheritance

____ is a genetic disorder that occurs less often in children with mothers who are 1 to 34 years old

Down syndrome

Which of the following is the prenatal development period that takes place during the first two weeks after conception, includes the creation of a zygote, and ends with attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall?

Germinal

Neonatal deaths, preterm births, low birth weights, respiratory problems, and sudden infant death syndrome are all linked to which teratogen?

Nicotine

When does the zygote implant in the lining of the mother's uterus?

about 10 to 14 days after conception

The ____ connects a baby to the placenta

umbilical cord

During which prenatal developmental period do the following changes—rapid weight gain; active movement of arms and legs; face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin becoming distinguishable—take place?

Embryonic

What is approximately the earliest ointment that a fetus can survive outside the womb?

5 months

Which of the following involves the process of cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations in the brain?

neuronal migration

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests would involve removing a small sample of the placenta?

chorionic villus sampling

Which of the following statements about teratogens is NOT true?

Female fetuses are far more likely to be affected by teratogens than male fetuses.

Psychoactive drugs primarily affect the _______ system

nervous

Which of the following prescriptions and nonprescription drugs can have harmful effects on an embryo or fetus?

Aspirin, some antibiotics and hormones, diet pills

Facial deformities, defective limbs, learning problems, and below-average intelligence are all linked to heavy use of which teratogen during pregnancy?

alcohol

If a mother is HIV positive, her infant may

have been infected with HIV but does not show any symptoms; have been infected with HIV and be symptomatic at birth; not have been infected with HIV

What is the best way to keep the infant from being infected if the mother is found to have active genital herpes before the child is born?

A cesarean section should be performed.

During which stage of childbirth does the cervix dilate?

first

During which stage of childbirth does the fetus emerge from the womb?

second

Which of the following is/are NOT used by the natural or prepared childbirth methods during labor and delivery?

nonprescription drugs to reduce pain

Which of the following is a method to reduce pain during delivery without using medication?

water birth, massage, acupuncture

An apparent scale score of3 signals a newborn's condition

Is critical and that the baby will not survive

The designation of preterm is determined by

the occurrence of birth three weeks or more before full term is reached.

The scientific name for fraternal twins is

dizygotic

Scientific name for identical twins

monozygotic

Monozygotic twins are produced by how many fertilized eggs?

1

Sa's genotype is XX. Sam is a

None of the above

Sam' fraternal twin has a genotype of XY. is this possible

Yes

Eye color is actually influenced by many different genes. This is termed:

Polygenic

Zygote

fertilized egg

The trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present is called

Dominant

The underlying combination of genetic material present but not outwardly visible

Genotype

The trait that is visible—the observable trait— is called

Phenotype

Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes; _______ from each parent

46; 23

A child is born with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair has a disorder called

Down syndrome

A fetal monitoring technique which involves removing emniotic fluid for testing is

Amniocentesis

Who actually determines the sex of a child

Father

The three stages of pregnancy

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Infertility

the inability to conceive a child after 12-18 months of trying

Man's sperm is placed directly into a woman;s reproductive tract by physician

None of above

A factor that produces a birth defect

teratogen

A "neonate" is a

None of the above

False contractions which often fool new parents is called

Braxton-hicks

A standard measurement scale which scores good health factors in newborns

APGAR

Infants born prior to 38 weeks

Pre-term

The number of deaths in the first year of life per 1000 births is

Infant mortality

Th principle that allows for infant growth to proceed from top to bottom is called

Cephalocaudal

The AAP recommends infants be _______ for the first years of life

Breastfed

A baby who has suffocated while sleeping in a recliner with a caregiver is designated as a death by

SUIDS

Infant hearing develops while still in the womb

True

Infants are not able to identify smell of their mother's breast pads (if breastfed) due to their poor sense of smell. Only animals can do this

False

It is vitally important for an infant to receive skin to skin contact and interaction throughout infancy, Lack of touch stimulation has been shown to be highly detrimental

True

________ is a major cause of poor health in American children despite their often having excess weight

Malnutrition

Which state has the highest rate of SIDS/SUIDS

MS

The United States leads the world as the country with the lowest infant mortality rate

False

Each culture's infant's display distinctive and diverse facial expressions that reflect the expression used in the familial environment

True

After six months, the infant may begin to display a wariness and caution to new individuals. this is termed

Stranger anxiety

A famous study by ______ of maternal deprived monkeys provided horrendous results and greatly influenced the study and emphasis of contact comfort

Harlow

If you place your finger near the base of an infant's fingers—the infant will curl their fingers around your fingers and grasp your finger. This is called

The Palmar reflex

Near the end of the first year infants have developed a strategy known as ______ which allows them to assess a situation by carefully watching and mimicking their caregiver's response

Social referencing

If rouge or blush is placed on the nose of an infant that is nearing 18 months a that infant looks into a mirror, they are likely to run their nose to remove the rouge. This is seen as evidence of ______

Self awareness

Infants have a sort of innate morality in which they show a preference for helpful and not antisocial behaviors. This is termed:

Theory of Mind

By age 2, infants show feelings that correspond to the emotion of another person. This important skill is termed:

Empathy

In infants whose attachment has been severely disrupted for a prolonged period of time, they may form a psychological condition characterized by near inability to form a relationship with anyone. This is termed:

Attachment disruption

The mother/infant dynamic most likely to produce secure attachment consists of communication that is consistent and appropriate and the child/caregiver emotional response remains in sync. This is termed

Interaction synchrony

Piaget's object permanence includes an interesting phenomenon known as _____ wherein the infant will correctly locate the hidden object but when the objects is moved as they watch, the infant will continue to look in the last place that h object was found. This is termed:

A but not B

It's is vitally important that an infant not be swaddled past the time they attempt to _______

Roll over

Bart and Muriel put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap. When they go to check on her several hours later, the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up. What is the term for this?

SIDS

The American Academy of Pediatrics now suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs to prevent

SIDS

What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary, responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

reflexes

What is the term for the reflex that makes a baby, who is lying face down in a a body of water, paddle and kick?

Swimming

Mary is prepping to breastfeed her daughter, and, in doing so, the baby's cheek brushes against the mother's breast. The baby immediately turns its had towards Mary's chest in preparation for feeding. This reflex is called

Rooting

Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the ways children understand the world are mental structures called

Schemes

Piaget thought that ________ occurs when a stimulus or event is acted upon, perceived, and understood in accordance with existing patterns of thought.

assimilation

Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environment provides him with a new experience. This is the process of

accommodation

What is the term for Piaget's initial stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six sub stages?

Sensorimotor

What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?

object permanence

Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to

3 years of age

The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication, is called

language

What is the term for the reflex where the baby moves its legs when held upright with feet touching the floor?

stepping

As William is laying his infant down in the crib at bedtime, he gently removes his hand from the back of the baby's head and neck, and the baby thrusts its arms outward appearing to grasp onto something. This is known as the _______ reflex.

Moro

What is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infant's normative standing? It includes 27 separate categories of responses that constitute four general aspects of infants' behavior

Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale

Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" nd "cookie" and this would be an example of

Holophrase

By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.

telegraphic

When a child experiences pleasure with a person, or experiences comfort from that person when in distress, it is said that the child has

formed an attachment

What is the term for a sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between child and (typically) his/her mother

Ainsworth Strange Situation

When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a "home base" and the child is at ease when she is present, the child gets upset when she leaves, and the child goes to the mother as soon as she returned, this is called:

Secure attachment pattern

A child who does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she leaves the room, does not look distressed is exhibiting

avoidant attachment pattern

Erikson's approach to personality development suggests that an infant's early experiences (nurturing, feeding, cuddling, etc.) are responsible for shaping whether or not they become ______ individuals later in life

Trusting