CNS, ANS, Special Senses Review

Flashcards for CNS, ANS, and Special Senses lecture final review.

Occipital Lobe

Primary visual cortex, visual processing

Frontal Lobe

Prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, Broca's area, premotor cortex; involved in movement, speech, and problem-solving.

Insula

Center for the sense of taste, gustatory and sensorimotor processing, pain perception, and awareness of bodily states.

Parietal Lobe

Integrating sensory information, spatial awareness, and language processing.

Temporal Lobe

Processing auditory information, memory, emotions, and language; contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke's area.

Function of CSF

Buoyancy and regulation of the environment around neurons, including electrolyte balance (sodium, potassium).

Arachnoid Granulations

Drains fluid from the blood, circulates it around the brain, and returns it to the blood.

Medulla Oblongata Function

Regulating heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and coordinating reflexes like swallowing and vomiting.

Hypothalamus Function

Hormone release, appetite, and body temperature regulation.

Parts of the Hypothalamus

Preoptic area, tuberal region, and mammillary region.

Ependymal cells

Responsible for making CSF

White Matter

Myelinated axons, enabling rapid signal transmission.

Gray Matter

Unmyelinated cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses, located in the cortex and nuclei.

Function of Blood Brain Barrier

Maintains a stable environment around the brain.

Contralateral

Left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

Primary Motor Cortex Location

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Primary Somatosensory Cortex Location

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Cerebral Lateralization

Left and right hemispheres have different functions. Right side: artsy & nonverbal. Left side: analytic & verbal.

3 White Matter Tracts

Association tracts (thinking), commissural tracts (left to right hemisphere), and projection tracts (vertical).

Limbic System

Emotional brain

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Associated with levels of alertness.

Cells of the CNS

Appendymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes.

ANS vs. SNS Effectors

ANS effectors: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; excite and inhibit. SNS effectors: skeletal muscle; just excite.

2 Types of Neurons in the ANS

Preganglionic & postganglionic.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Fight or flight

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Rest and digest

Autonomic Tone

Organs with autonomic input that are always 'on'.

Antagonistic Systems

Parasympathetic and sympathetic.

Vasomotor

Only sympathetic controls _.

Lens

Changes shape to allow for accommodation.

Retina

Where rods and cones are located with neurons.

Iris

Colored part of the eye; regulates light.

Pupil

Regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

Ciliary Bodies

Producing aqueous humor and controlling the shape of the lens for focusing.

Cornea

Bend light, pain receptors

Sclera

Communicate and indicate health problems, (white part)

Vitreous Humor

Keep shape, gel like in posterior chamber.

Choroid

Vascular; supplies blood.

Fovea Centralis

Where most cones are found.

Rods

Blurry, designed for dim light, sensitive, detect movement from the sides of the eye.

Accommodation

Inside 20 feet the lens gets fatter and convex to accommodate.

Chemoreceptors

"A lock and key fit" between molecules with receptors.

Photoreceptors

specialized light-detecting cells in the retina that convert light into electrical signals, which the brain then interprets as images.

otoliths

Calcium carbonate crystals

Habenular Nuclei

Connects smell and emotion.

Pineal Gland

Located in the epithalamus and creates melatonin

Medulla Oblongata

Cardiac center, vasomotor center (relating to the constriction or dilatation of blood vessels), medulla respiratory centers (Controls breathing), vomit, coughing, sneezing, salivating,swallowing

Amygdaloid

Emotional memory, especially fear.

Broca's Area

Located in the frontal lobe and controls language processing and articulation.

Wernicke's Area

Located in the temporal lobe and controls language comprehension.

Sympathetic Tone (Vasomotor Tone)

Continual state of partial constriction of blood vessels.

Transduction

Changing energy into another form.

Canal of Schlemm

A circular channel in the eye that collects and drains aqueous humor.

Lacrimal Apparatus

Creating and draining tears.