Economic world

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A number calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, and GNI, ranging from 0 (least developed) to 1 (most developed).

What are the characteristics of Stage 1 in the Demographic Transition Model?

High fluctuating birth rate and death rate, low population, little health care, and high fluctuation due to disease, famine, and war.

In Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model, what causes the population to rapidly increase?

Improved standards of living, hygiene, and access to health care leading to a decrease in the death rate.

What happens in Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model?

The death rate continues to fall while the birth rate decreases quickly due to birth control availability and economic factors.

In Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model, what factors affect the fluctuating birth and death rates?

Economic situation influences birth and death rates, which remain low.

What characterizes Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A slowly decreasing birth rate, slowly increasing death rate, and a slowly falling population.

Name some physical factors that affect development.

Natural resources, natural hazards, climate, and location/terrain.

How does natural resource availability affect development?

Access to fuel sources, minerals, timber, and safe water can significantly influence a country's development.

Give an example of how natural hazards can affect development.

Frequent hazards can undermine redevelopment efforts and deter investment.

What is the impact of education on development?

Education creates a skilled workforce, increases income, and enables greater tax contributions to development.

How can aid contribute to development?

Aid can finance infrastructure projects, improve services like schools and healthcare, but over-reliance on aid can hinder self-sufficiency.

What does it mean for a country to have a trade surplus?

It exports more than it imports, improving the national economy.

How did colonialism affect development in many countries?

It often slowed development as wealth was extracted, leaving these countries economically disadvantaged upon independence.

What are the consequences of uneven development?

Significant differences in wealth and health, large amounts of immigration, and lower life expectancies in less developed countries.

How can microfinance loans help reduce poverty?

They enable individuals in LICs to start small businesses, although their effectiveness on a large scale is debated.

What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?

Investment by one country in the property or infrastructure of another, which can bring financial resources and technology.

What is the role of technology in reducing the development gap?

It includes affordable equipment that improves quality of life and renewable energy sources.

What are the main reasons tourists visit Tunisia?

Clear water, culture, food, natural wonders, climate, and historic sights.

How does tourism impact Tunisia's economy?

Tourism contributes to higher incomes, better healthcare, longer life expectancy, and increased literacy rates.

What challenges does tourism pose for Tunisia?

Environmental pollution, profit leakage, and security concerns due to terrorist attacks.

What is Nigeria's position in terms of GDP in Africa?

Nigeria has the highest GDP in Africa and the 27th largest economy in the world.

What is Nigeria's literacy rate?

The literacy rate is 65.1%, which is low, particularly for girls.

What are the main industries in Nigeria?

Agriculture is the largest industry, with many farmers engaging in subsistence farming.

What is a TNC and how does it impact Nigeria?

Transnational Corporations (TNCs) like oil companies invest in Nigeria, providing jobs and sharing technology.

What are some international aid organizations working in Nigeria?

Christian Aid and Action Aid are examples of NGOs working to improve health and education.

What are the key causes of economic change in the UK?

De-industrialisation, globalisation, and government policies.

Define a post-industrial economy.

An economy where manufacturing is replaced by the service industry, particularly the growing quaternary sector.

What is the role of science parks in the UK economy?

Science parks house knowledge-based businesses and focus on technology, typically located near universities.

What is the North/South divide in the UK?

It refers to the economic disparity between the more affluent south and the less developed north.

What are some transport improvements made to address the North/South divide?

HS2 rail service, electrification of the Trans-Pennine railway, and upgrades to the M62 motorway.

What is a local enterprise scheme?

Government initiatives aimed at encouraging business growth in the north of England to reduce regional economic disparities.

What is the impact of de-industrialisation on northern towns in the UK?

It has led to unemployment and weaker economic growth in those areas.

How does a country with a high HDI score differ from one with a low HDI?

Countries with a high HDI have better health, education, and income levels, while low HDI countries struggle with poverty.

What are the implications of high infant mortality rates in LICs?

They indicate poor healthcare and lower living standards, impacting population growth and life expectancy.

Why is the demographic transition model important for understanding development?

It illustrates how population dynamics relate to economic growth and development stages.

What is the multiplier effect in tourism?

Economic benefits from tourism spreading throughout the economy, leading to more job creation and infrastructure improvements.

What are some issues related to the reliance on tourism in Tunisia?

Dependence on tourism can lead to economic vulnerability, especially during crises or security threats.

How can debt relief support a country's development?

It allows a country to allocate more financial resources to development efforts rather than servicing debt.

What role does the service economy play in modern economies?

It focuses on providing services rather than goods, contributing significantly to employment and economic growth.

What is the significance of the quaternary sector?

It includes knowledge-based industries related to information and technology, which are vital for advanced economies.

Explain the relationship between education and economic growth.

Higher education levels lead to a skilled workforce, which drives innovation and increases productivity.

What is the purpose of foreign aid?

To provide financial assistance or resources to support development projects in poorer countries.

How do local political factors influence a country's development?

Stable governance can facilitate trade, foreign investment, and the development of infrastructure.

What impact does reliable access to clean water have on development?

It reduces the prevalence of disease and increases productivity, contributing to improved health and economic growth.

How does cultural tourism impact local cultures?

While it can promote cultural awareness, it may also commodify culture and alter traditional practices.

What factors contribute to high levels of inequality in countries like Nigeria?

Economic disparities, corruption, gender inequality, and limited access to education contribute to unequal wealth distribution.

What effects does globalization have on local economies?

It allows for expanded markets and opportunities but can also lead to job losses and economic disruption in local sectors.

Why do countries invest heavily in infrastructure?

Well-developed infrastructure enhances connectivity, promotes trade, and supports overall economic growth.

What are some long-term strategies for reducing the development gap?

Sustainable aid, investment in education, health care, and infrastructure improvements support long-term development.

What is the significance of the capital city, Tunis, in Tunisia's development?

Tunis serves as the political and administrative center, influencing economic activities and tourism.

Identify one key implication of having a low HDI rank.

A low HDI rank often correlates with poor health, education, and economic conditions.

What is the significance of renewable energy in development?

It reduces dependence on fossil fuels, lowers emissions, and supports sustainable growth.

How does access to technology affect economic development?

It facilitates innovation, improves efficiency, and connects markets, driving economic growth.

What role do microfinance institutions play in development?

They provide small loans to entrepreneurs in developing countries, promoting economic activity and empowerment.

What are the effects of urbanization on development?

Urbanization can lead to economic growth, but may also cause overcrowding, infrastructure strain, and inequality.

What is the impact of gender equality on economic development?

Promoting gender equality can enhance economic productivity and innovation by utilizing the full potential of the population.

How can healthcare improvements drive development?

Better healthcare increases workforce productivity and extends life expectancy, contributing to economic growth.

What is the role of education in reducing inequality?

Education provides skills and opportunities, helping to break the cycle of poverty and promote social mobility.

What is the importance of political stability for development?

Political stability attracts investment, fosters economic growth, and allows for consistent policy implementation.

How does tourism diversification benefit economies?

It reduces reliance on a single tourism sector and promotes resilience against market fluctuations.

What steps can be taken to ensure sustainable tourism development?

Implementing strict regulations, promoting eco-friendly practices, and engaging local communities in decision-making.

What are potential downsides of globalization for developing countries?

It can lead to job losses in local industries and increased inequality if benefits are not equitably distributed.

What is the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in development?

NGOs often provide essential services, advocate for policy change, and support various development initiatives.

What defines a sustainable economy?

An economy that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

How does infrastructure investment relate to economic development?

Improved infrastructure enhances connectivity, efficiency, and access to markets, facilitating growth.

What is the impact of climate change on development?

Climate change poses risks to health, food security, and economic stability, particularly in LICs