apush units 1-5

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of crops, animals, disease, people, and ideas; diseases decimated native populations; horses transformed native lifestyles.

Encomienda System

Spanish granted land & native labor; led to exploitation; Las Casas vs. Sepúlveda debate; native resistance.

Goals of European Exploration

Spain: gold, glory, God; France: trade (especially fur) & alliances; England: settlement, religious freedom, economic gain.

British Colonies Characteristics

New England: Puritans, towns, mixed economy; Middle: diversity, trade, grains; Southern: cash crops, plantations, slavery.

Transatlantic Trade System

Triangular Trade: slaves, raw materials, manufactured goods; colonies exist to benefit the mother country.

Cooperation & Conflict

Early cooperation (Pocahontas, Squanto), but increasing conflict (King Philip's War, Powhatan Wars).

Rise of Slavery in Colonies

Shift from indentured servants to African slavery (Bacon's Rebellion 1676); slave codes institutionalized racial hierarchy.

Political Institutions in British Colonies

Virginia House of Burgesses = early democracy; limited suffrage, loyalty to crown remained strong.

French and Indian War Causes

Conflict over Ohio River Valley; Albany Plan failed = colonies disunited; Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain gained land, taxed colonies for war debt.

Albany Congress Significance

Held in 1754; goal: unify colonies for defense against French and Native threats; proposed Albany Plan of Union by Ben Franklin; failed—colonial governments and Britain rejected it.

Effects of French & Indian War

Britain won, gaining French Canada and land east of the Mississippi; war debt led to taxation of colonies; tensions with Britain increased.

Causes for American Independence

Economic restrictions (taxes, trade limitations); political rights (no representation in Parliament); Enlightenment ideas; British military actions.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism = colonies exist to enrich the mother country (Britain); led to Navigation Acts and trade restrictions.

Colonial Resistance Examples

Stamp Act Congress: first unified colonial protest; Sons of Liberty: organized protests, boycotts, Boston Tea Party; Daughters of Liberty: made homespun cloth.

Declaration of Independence

Analyzes reasons for colonies rebelling, inspired by Enlightenment ideas: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness. Grievances include unjust taxes, standing armies in peacetime, dissolution of colonial legislatures.

Social Contract

Declared that Britain had broken the social contract.

Patriots

Mostly from NE/Middle colonies, younger, urban, artisans/farmers.

Loyalists

Older, Southern elite, Anglican clergy, feared economic loss or chaos.

American Revolution

Colonists won due to strengths like French aid after Saratoga, home field advantage, and motivation; weaknesses included lack of training and supplies.

Key Battles of the American Revolution

Saratoga was the turning point; Yorktown was the final victory.

Contributions of Women in the American Revolution

Included camp followers, fundraisers, and spies such as Molly Pitcher and Deborah Sampson.

Articles of Confederation

Successes included the Northwest Ordinance; shortcomings included lack of power to tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws, with Shays' Rebellion exposing weaknesses.

Constitutional Convention Compromises

Great Compromise established House based on population and Senate with equal representation; 3/5 Compromise counted slaves as 3/5 for representation/taxes.

Slave Trade Compromise

No ban on slave trade until 1808; aimed to balance federal and state power.

Federalists

Led by Hamilton and Madison, they supported a strong central government and the Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Led by Henry and Mason, they feared tyranny and wanted individual protections.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments promised to ensure ratification of the Constitution.

Washington's Government Structure

Included an executive branch and a Cabinet with Jefferson as Secretary of State and Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury.

Hamilton's Financial System

Included a national bank, assumption of state debts, excise taxes, and tariffs, leading to division between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

Whiskey Rebellion

Proved federal strength during Washington's administration.

Neutrality Proclamation

Issued during the French Revolution to maintain peace.

XYZ Affair

Led to a quasi-war with France during Adams' administration.

Alien & Sedition Acts

Limited speech and targeted immigrants, sparking backlash including the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions.

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

Federalists (Hamilton) supported a strong central government and industry, while Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) advocated for states' rights and agriculture.

Thomas Jefferson's Policies

Domestic policies included reducing military and cutting debt; foreign policies included the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Embargo Act (1807), which resulted in economic failure.

John Marshall's Rulings

Strengthened federal power and established judicial review through cases like Marbury v. Madison (1803) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).

War of 1812

Causes included impressment, trade interference, and British-Native alliances; supporters were War Hawks from the South/West, while opponents were Federalists from the Northeast.

Economic Specialization

North: Industry. South: Cotton & slavery. West: Grain, livestock.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, establishing the 36°30′ line.

American System

Economic plan that included tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy stating no European interference in the Americas.

Market Revolution

Period marked by major inventions and developments in transportation that changed the American economy.

Transportation Developments

Included canals (like Erie), roads, railroads, steamboats, and telegraphs.

Impact of Market Revolution

Shift from subsistence farming to wage labor and factory work, leading to urbanization and increased inequality.

Corrupt Bargain

1824 political deal where Clay helped Adams win the presidency in exchange for becoming Secretary of State.

Jacksonian Democracy

Political movement that expanded suffrage to all white men.

Bank War

Conflict where Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States.

Indian Removal Act

Policy that led to the forced relocation of Native Americans, resulting in the Trail of Tears.

19th Century American Culture

Influenced by Romanticism, nationalism in art, and notable writers like Emerson and Thoreau.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that led to various reform movements emphasizing individual salvation and moral duty.

Abolitionism

Movement aimed at ending slavery, with key figures like Garrison and Douglass.

Women's Rights Movement

Focused on achieving equality for women, highlighted by the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Temperance Movement

Social movement aimed at reducing or prohibiting alcohol consumption.

Transcendentalism

Philosophy emphasizing self-reliance and a deep connection to nature, associated with Thoreau and Emerson.

Utopian Communities

Societies like Brook Farm and Oneida that sought to create ideal living conditions outside mainstream society.

Expansion of Slavery

Driven by the Cotton Gin, leading to increased demand for slaves and intensified debates over slavery.

Opportunities for African Americans

Free Blacks in the North faced discrimination but had some education; enslaved individuals in the South faced harsh conditions.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward, influencing policies and territorial acquisitions from 1800 to 1848.

Mexican-American War

Conflict caused by the annexation of Texas and border disputes, leading to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War, resulting in U.S. acquisition of California, New Mexico, Arizona, and more.

Debates over Slavery

Discussions regarding the true nature of slavery and its role in southern society and economy.

Compromise of 1850

CA free, Fugitive Slave Law.

Popular sovereignty

Allowed settlers of a territory to decide on the issue of slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Repealed Missouri Compromise; led to conflict known as Bleeding Kansas.

William Lloyd Garrison

Editor of The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper.

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and women's rights advocate.

Angelia Grimke

Southern abolitionist and advocate for women's rights.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave, writer, and speaker for abolition.

Harriett Tubman

Leader of the Underground Railroad.

Fugitive Slave Law

Law that required the return of runaway slaves.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans were not citizens.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel that depicted the harsh realities of slavery.

Election of 1860

Lincoln wins; leads to Southern secession.

Union strengths

Industry, population, navy, railroads.

Confederacy strengths

Military leadership and home-field advantage.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River.

Fort Sumter

Site of the first shots of the Civil War.

Antietam

Bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War.

Gettysburg

Turning point of the Civil War; major Confederate defeat.

Vicksburg

Gave Union control of the Mississippi River.

Sherman's March to the Sea

Union campaign that destroyed Southern infrastructure and morale.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in Confederate states and shifted war goals.

Gettysburg Address

Speech that reframed the war as a struggle for national unity and equality.

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency that helped freed slaves with food, schools, and jobs.

Reconstruction Amendments

13th (ended slavery), 14th (citizenship), and 15th (voting rights for Black men) Amendments.

Black Codes

Southern laws that limited freedom for Black people.

KKK

Group that used violence to intimidate Black voters.

Scalawags

White Southerners who supported Reconstruction.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South after the Civil War.

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who took back power and ended Reconstruction.