AP Psych Exam 3 (Mods 16A-21)

Respectively, what part of the ear transmits the tympanic membrane's vibrations through a piston made of three tiny bones and what part of the ear contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs?

Middle ear, inner ear

What term is the measuring unit for sound energy and prolonged exposure at levels of 85 or higher will produce hearing loss?

Decibels

Incoming vibrations in the snail-shaped tube in the inner ear causes the cochlea's membrane (oval window) to vibrate the fluid in the tube and this motion causes ripples in what that is lined with hair cells?

Basilar membrane

When hair cells bend, their movement triggers impulses in the adjacent nerve fibers that converge to form what that sends neural messages to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe?

Auditory nerve

Respectively, what links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane in stimulated and what links the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve with the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch?

Place theory, frequency theory

What term describes a tone's highness or lowness and is determined by the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time?

Frequency and pitch

Our ears are six inches apart and they can detect extremely minute differences in time lag and because of this we have what type of hearing?

Stereophonic hearing

What term represents our sense of hearing which is highly adaptive?

Audition

What term describes a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea?

Cochlear implant

Respectively, what term describes the hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea and what term describes the hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve?

Conduction hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss

What type of stimulation indicates that with physical suffering, the brain can misinterpret the spontaneous central nervous system activity that occurs in the absence of normal sensory input?

Phantom limb sensations

There is not one type of stimulus that triggers physical suffering, but what type of sensory receptors do detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals?

Nociceptors

Our sense of touch is actually a mix of at least what four distinct skin senses?

Pressure, warmth, cold and pain

What term describes the influences of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments?

Embodied cognition, embodied emotion, sensory interaction, or expressed emotion

We have a remarkable capacity to recognize long-forgotten odors and our attraction to those smells depends on what?

Learned associations

What term describes the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste?

Sensory interaction

Respectively, what is your body's way of telling you that something has gone wrong and what is an especially effective way to activate pain-inhibiting circuits and increase your tolerance of physical suffering?

Pain, distraction

Olfaction (smell) is a chemical sense where molecules of a substance carried in the air reaches a tiny cluster of about how many receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity?

20 million

Our sense of our body parts' position and movement is kinesthesia, but what term describes the monitoring of the head's position and movement measured by the hair like receptors in the semicircular canals?

Vestibular sense

What are the five chemical taste sensations from the 200 or more taste buds that evolutionary psychologists say enabled our ancestors' survival?

Bitter, umami, sweet, sour, salty

What term describes our ability to perceive an object as having a constant lightness even when the light cast upon it changes?

Brightness constancy

What term describes our ability to perceive objects as stable despite the changing image they cast on our retinas?

Perceptual constancy

What term describes the perception that the form of familiar objects is constant?

Shape constancy

What quickly happens to people after they remove optical headgear that alters their vision?

They readapt

What terms describe how we organize our visual experiences?

Form perception, depth perception, motion perception, and perceptual constancy

Including the adjustment period and the time when he was comfortable in his surroundings, how long did psychologist Stratton wear optical headgear that made him the first to experience right side up retinal images?

8 days

What term describes the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field?

Perceptual adaptation

The effect of sensory restrictions on infant cats, monkeys, and humans suggests there is a _____ for normal sensory and perceptual development?

Critical period

What term describes the perception of objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies?

Size constancy

What term describes the perception of familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing the light cast upon it alters the wavelengths reflected by the object?

Color constancy

What term describes depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes?

Binocular cues

What type of psychologists emphasize our tendency to organize a given cluster of sensations into an organized "whole"?

Gestalt

Respectively, what term describes the organization of our visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings and what term illustrates how Gestalt psychologists describe our perceptual tendency to bring order and form to stimuli by following the rules of proximity, continuity, and closure?

Figure-ground, grouping

What term describes distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone?

Monocular cues

Of these two binocular descriptions, what term describes how the brain compares the two slightly different retinal images and determines the relative distance and depth of different objects and what term describes the extent to which the eyes come together when looking at an object?

Retinal disparity, convergence

Of these two monocular descriptions, what term describes objects as farther away if they are a similar size and cast a smaller retinal image and what term describes if one object partially blocks our view of another we perceive it as closer?

Relative size, interposition

Of these two monocular descriptions, what term describes parallel lines that appear to converge with the distance and what term describes that nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes?

Linear perspective, light and shadow

Respectively, what term describes that the brain perceives continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images and what term describes an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession?

Stroboscopic movement, phi phenomenon

Of these two monocular descriptions, what term describes that we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away and what term describes that as we move, objects that are actually stationary may appear to move?

Relative height, relative motion

What term enables us to estimate an object's distance from us and also see an object in three dimensions even though the image that strikes the retina is in two dimensions?

Depth perception

What term describes nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement?

Feature detectors

What process requires ten times the brainpower devoted to hearing and uses 30% of the cortex?

Facial recognition

What term describes the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously and contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving?

Parallel processing

What term describes the after-image effect and how we cannot simultaneously detect opposing colors such as red and green, blue and yellow, or black and white?

Opponent-process theory

In human eyes, the information from the retina's nearly 130 million receptor rods and cones are received and transmitted by the million or so ganglion cells, whose axon fibers comprise what?

Optic nerve

Any given area of the retina relays its information through the thalamus to a corresponding location in the visual cortex located in what lobe?

Occipital lobe

The retina is actually a piece of what that migrates to the eye during early fetal development?

Brain (retina)

The Young-Helmholtz theory identifies what three color receptors in the retina that when stimulated leads to the perception of 7 million color combinations (additive color mixing)?

Red, green, blue

Most people with what type of vision lack functioning red or green sensitive cones, or sometimes both?

All answers are correct

You see with what as much as you see with your eyes?

Brain

What term describes the amount of energy in light or sound waves which influences brightness or loudness and is determined by a wave's amplitude?

Intensity

Respectively, what term describes the changing of the lens' curvature that focuses incoming rays into an image on the eye's retina and what term describes the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster?

Accommodation, fovea

What term describes the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptor cells?

Blind spot

What we see as visible light is just a thin slice of the whole spectrum of what type of energy, ranging from short gamma waves to long radio transmission waves?

Electromagnetic

Respectively, what term describes the distance from one wave peak to the next wave peak and determines the hue (color) we experience and what term describes the number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time?

Wavelength, frequency

Why are retinal images from objects upside-down and reversed?

Because light rays travel in straight lines

What type of wavelength and amplitude would describe dull reddish colors or low-pitched soft sounds?

Long wavelength, small amplitude

Respectively, what term describes the light sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains receptor rods and cones and helps produces neural signals and what is the colored muscle that regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil?

Retina, iris

Respectively, what receptor describes our ability to detect black, white, and gray and is essential for peripheral vision while the other receptor is clustered around the retina's area of central focus and can detect fine detail and color in good light?

Rods, cones

What type of wavelength would describe bluish colors or high-pitched sounds?

Short wavelength

After thousands of experiments, what is the result of the efforts to reproduce an ESP phenomenon under controlled conditions that convincingly demonstrates psychic ability?

No ability discovered

From experience, we determine our perceptual set by forming what that organizes and allows us to interpret unfamiliar information?

Concepts, schemas

Perceptions are influenced, top-down, not only by our expectations and by the context, but also by what?

Emotions, motivations

Once we have formed a wrong perception about reality, we then have more difficulty seeing what?

Reality, truth

A given stimulus may trigger radically different perceptions, partly because of our differing perceptual set, but also because of the immediate what?

Context

What term describes the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input?

Extrasensory perception

What term describes a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affects (top-down) what we perceive and can influence what we hear, taste, feel, and see?

Perceptual set

Respectively, what term describes the claim of a mind-to-mind communication ability and what term describes the ability to perceive future events?

Telepathy, precognition

Respectively, what term describes the claim of perceiving remote events and what term describes the movement of physical objects with the mind?

Clairvoyance, psychokinesis

What term describes the study of paranormal phenomena?

Parapsychology

What term describes how at any moment we focus our awareness on only a limited aspect of all that we experience?

Selective attention

What term describes failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere?

Inattentional blindness

What term describes sensory analysis that begins at the entry level, with information flowing from sensory receptors to the brain?

Bottom-up processing

What term would explain why fMRI scans show that teen drivers talking or texting on cell phones have a 37% decrease in brain activity in areas vital to driving?

Selective attention

What term describes the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling recognition of meaningful events?

Perception

What term is an example of selective attention and describes the ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many?

Cocktail party effect

What term describes high-level mental processes that construct perceptions by filtering information through our experience and expectations?

Top-down processing

What term describes the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimulus energies from our environment?

Sensation

By one estimate, our five senses take in about how many bits of information per second, of which we consciously process about 40?

11 million

Magicians exploit what form of inattentional blindness that involves us failing to notice changes in the environment?

Change blindness

What term describes the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural impulses our brain can interpret?

Transduction

What term describes the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them?

Psychophysics

Psychologists usually measure absolute threshold by recording the stimulation needed for us to pinpoint its appearance what percent of the time?

50%

What type of theory seeks to predict why people respond differently to the same stimuli and why the same person's reactions vary as circumstances such as experience, expectations, motivation and alertness change?

Signal detection theory

To function effectively we need absolute thresholds low enough to allow us to detect important sights, sounds, textures, tastes and smells, but what term describes the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time?

Difference threshold

What term describes our diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus?

Sensory adaptation

What term describes the unconscious activations of certain associations which predispose one's perception, memory, or response?

Priming

Respectively, what term describes stimuli below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness and what type of an effect does subliminal sensation have on our behavior?

Subliminal, subtle

What term describes the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus (light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor)?

Absolute threshold

What term states that for an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, not a constant minimum amount?

Weber's law

Adonis can tell the difference between different pitches because his cochlea's basilar membrane is stimulated in different areas. Adonis' experience aligns with which theory?

Place theory

Smell and taste are called ____ because...

Chemical senses - they detect chemicals in what we taste and smell

Adonis' research project is based on the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
Which theory is his project based on?

Frequency theory

Because of the repeated exposure to loud noise they experience daily, airport ground workers are most susceptible to damage to which of the following?

Cochlea

What term describes the influences of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments?

Embodied cognition

Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship between sensation and perception?

Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected

Adonis is shown a picture of his grandfather's face, but the eyes and mouth are blocked out. He still recognizes it as a picture of his grandfather. Which type of processing best explains this example of perception?

Top-down processing

What term describes the perception that the form of familiar objects is constant?

Form constancy

Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction?

You notice a slight flicker of a light when a sound accompanies it

If you had sight in only one eye, which of the following depth cues could you NOT use?

Convergence