RAH EXAM 4 (UNO)

Prussia

Dominant German state leading unification

Otto von Bismarck

"Iron Chancellor," used Realpolitik to unify Germany

Wilhelm I

King of Prussia, later German Emperor (Kaiser)

Landtag

Prussian parliament

Diet of the German Confederation

Pre-unification loose association of German states

Ems

Site of diplomatic conflict sparking Franco-Prussian War

Ems Dispatch

Edited telegram by Bismarck that provoked France into war

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)

War with France that led to German unification

Palace of Versailles (1871)

Site where German Empire was declared

Wilhelm II

Dismissed Bismarck, led Germany into WWI

Dreikaiserbund (Three Emperors' League)

Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia

Tsar Nicholas II

Russian leader and cousin of Wilhelm II

Triple Entente (Allies)

France, Britain, Russia

Alfred von Tirpitz

German naval architect

John Fisher

British admiral, naval reformer

Two-Power Standard

Britain's goal to have a navy stronger than any two others combined

Dreadnought

Revolutionary British battleship class

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Austria-Hungary

Multi-ethnic empire with internal tensions

Franz Joseph

Emperor of Austria-Hungary

Minority Peoples

Ethnic groups under Austro-Hungarian rule

Bosnia

Annexed by Austria, angered Serbs

Balkan Peninsula

Region of intense nationalist tensions

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group

Sarajevo

Site of assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Franz Ferdinand & Sophie

Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife

Gavrilo Princip

Assassin of Franz Ferdinand

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy to quickly defeat France, then fight Russia

Lord Grey

British foreign secretary who warned of global war

Edward House

Advisor to Wilson; attempted diplomacy

"Peace without Victory"

Wilson's idealistic war aim

Isaac Ellwood & Joseph Glidden

Barbed wire inventors, widely used in WWI trenches

Shell Shock

Early term for PTSD

Lusitania

British ship sunk by Germany, American casualties

Sussex Pledge

Germany's promise to stop unrestricted submarine warfare

American Expeditionary Force

U.S. troops led by Gen. Pershing

War Industries Board

Coordinated war production; led by Bernard Baruch

Josephus Daniels

Navy Secretary; modernized the Navy

APA (American Psychological Association)

Administered intelligence tests to soldiers

IQ Test

Attempt to measure intelligence during military induction

Provisional Government

Temporary Russian gov't after Tsar's abdication

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

Lenin leads communists to power

Vladimir Lenin

Revolutionary leader of the Bolsheviks

Leon Trotsky

Lenin's key ally and military leader

No Peace, No War

Trotsky's policy: stop fighting, but don't sign treaty

Romanov Dynasty

Ruled Russia for 300+ years before 1917

Autocracy

One-person rule, as practiced under the Tsars

Background of New Deal

12-15 million unemployed by 1932, Prohibition repealed to recover taxes

Emergency Banking Act

Closed all banks temporarily, reopened only stable ones

Fireside Chats

Radio talks to boost confidence

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Provided $500 million in direct relief to the needy. Led by Harry Hopkins.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Offered temporary jobs to 4 million people doing tasks like leaf raking and other public works projects.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided conservation-related jobs, especially targeted at poor young men and military veterans.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

Paid farmers to reduce agricultural output to raise prices. This included controversial practices like animal culling.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Promoted fair wages and working hours for laborers and businesses. Known for its Blue Eagle symbol.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Built dams and provided electricity to the economically depressed Tennessee Valley region.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Focused on large-scale public infrastructure projects such as bridges, hospitals, and ships. Directed by Harold Ickes.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Created massive employment opportunities in both infrastructure and the arts. Led by Harry Hopkins.

Social Security Act

Provided aid to the elderly, disabled, and unemployed. Championed by Frances Perkins, the first female U.S. Cabinet member.

Frances Townsend

$200/month for elderly; unaffordable

Huey Long

"Share Our Wealth" plan; assassinated

Father Charles Coughlin

Anti-Semitic "Radio Priest," founded Christian Front, supported Hitler

Early Life of Hitler

Born to Austrian customs official, Rejected from art school in Vienna; influenced by German nationalism and anti-Semitism

25 Points

Anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist

Beer Hall Putsch (1923)

Failed coup attempt → Hitler jailed → wrote Mein Kampf

Enabling Act

Hitler can rule without Parliament

Leveling

All institutions (army, church, schools) under Nazi control

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

Jews lose citizenship, banned from intermarriage

Kristallnacht (1938)

Synagogues destroyed, Jews fined and arrested

Protestant Churches

Merged under gov't

Catholic Church

Signed Concordat (non-political clergy)

WW1 Casualties - Great Britain/Ireland

Military 750,000 + Civilian 600,000 = 1,350,000 Total

WW1 Casualties - France

Military 1,327,000 + Civilian 600,000 = 1,922,000 Total

WW1 Casualties - Russia

Military 1,811,000 to 2,254,000 + Civilian 500,000 = 2,311,000 to 2,754,639 Total

WW1 Casualties - United States

Military 117,000 + Civilian 0 = 117,000 Total

WW1 Casualties - Austria-Hungary

Military 1,460,000 + Civilian 400,000 = 1,860,000 Total

WW1 Casualties - Germany

Military 2,037,000 + Civilian 700,000 = 2,737,000 Total

WW1 Casualties - Turkey

Military 325,000 + Civilian 2,000,000 = 2,325,000 Total

Treaty of Versailles

28 June 1919, Allies and Germany

Treaty of Saint-German

10 September 1919, Allies and Austria-Hungary

Treaty of Neuilly

27 November 1919, Allies and Bulgaria *creates Yugoslavia

Treaty of Trianon

4 June 1920, Bulgaria loses 2/3 of its territory

Treaty of Sevres

12 August 1920, Allies and former Ottoman Empire

Xenophobia

is the fear, dislike, or hatred of people from other countries or cultures

Sedition Act

a 1798 U.S. law that made it a crime to publish false or critical statements about the federal government, aiming to silence opposition to President John Adams and his administration.

Espionage Act

1917 is a U.S. law that prohibits spying, interfering with military operations, or supporting enemies during wartime. It was passed during World War I to protect national security.

Schenck v. U.S.

(1919) was a Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act, ruling that free speech can be limited during wartime if it presents a “clear and present danger”—such as encouraging people to resist the draft.

American Plan

a 1920s U.S. policy promoting open shops, where workers were not required to join unions. It aimed to weaken labor unions and was supported by businesses that wanted to maintain control over hiring and working conditions.

Collective Bargaining

the process in which workers, through their unions, negotiate with employers over wages, hours, benefits, and working conditions to reach a mutual agreement.

Union Shop

a workplace where employees are not required to be union members when hired but must join the union within a certain time after starting the job.

Palmer Raids (A. Mitchel Palmer)

a series of government actions in 1919–1920, led by U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, aimed at arresting and deporting suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists during the Red Scare. The raids often violated civil liberties and targeted immigrants.

Solicitude for Revolutionaries

refers to perceived sympathy or leniency toward radical political activists or revolutionaries, especially during times of social unrest. In the context of the early 20th-century U.S., critics used this phrase to accuse others—such as civil liberties advocates—of being too tolerant of communists or anarchists.

Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicolo Sacco

Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted of murder during a 1920 armed robbery in Massachusetts. Their trial became famous for its controversial verdict, with many believing they were targeted more for their political beliefs and immigrant status than for solid evidence. They were executed in 1927, and their case remains a symbol of injustice and anti-immigrant sentiment in U.S. history.

Immigration Restriction Act

a U.S. law that limited immigration by establishing national origin quotas. It severely reduced immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and banned immigration from Asia, reflecting widespread nativist and xenophobic attitudes of the time.

National Origins Act

part of the Immigration Act of 1924, established strict immigration quotas based on the national origins of the U.S. population in 1890. It aimed to favor immigrants from Northern and Western Europe while severely limiting those from Southern and Eastern Europe and banning most Asian immigration, reinforcing racial and ethnic biases in U.S. immigration policy.

Vigilantism

the act of individuals or groups taking the law into their own hands, often using force or violence, without legal authority—typically because they believe the legal system is inadequate or too slow.

Chicago

a major U.S. city in Illinois, known for its influential role in industry, transportation, and culture. In historical contexts, especially the early 20th century, it was notable for labor unrest, organized crime (like Al Capone), and racial tensions, as well as being a center for immigration and urban growth.

Lucy Fryer

a white woman who was murdered in Waco, Texas, in 1916. A Black teenager named Jesse Washington was accused of the crime and, after a brief trial, was brutally lynched by a mob in a widely publicized and horrific act of racial violence. The case became a national symbol of racial injustice and mob brutality in the Jim Crow era.

Jesse Washington

a 17-year-old African American farmhand who was accused of murdering Lucy Fryer in Waco, Texas, in 1916. After a rushed trial and conviction, he was lynched by a white mob in a brutal public spectacle, which included torture and burning. His death became one of the most infamous lynchings in U.S. history and drew national outrage, helping to galvanize anti-lynching efforts led by the NAACP.

Waco, Texas

a city in central Texas known historically for several major events, including the 1916 lynching of Jesse Washington, which became a symbol of racial violence during the Jim Crow era. Waco was also the site of the 1993 siege of the Branch Davidian compound, a deadly standoff between a religious sect and federal agents. The city has long played a role in Texas history as a center of agriculture, education, and civil rights struggles.