History Exam 3

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnsons domestic program aimed at ending poverty, increasing individual opportunity, and enhancing national culture, which included civil rights legislation, antipoverty programs, medical insurance, aid to education, consumer protection, and aid to the arts and humanities.

Economic Opportunity Act

a 1964 law that was the centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnsons war on poverty. It included programs such as head start (free nursery school), Job corps (job training for young people) and regional development programs to spur economic growth.

Medicare

a health plan for the elderly passed in 1965 and funded by a surcharge on social security payroll taxes.

Medicaid

a health plan for the poor passed in 1965 and paid for by general tax revenues and administrated by the states

Equal Pay Act

law passed in 1963 that established the principle of equal pay for equal work. trade-union women were especially critical in pushing for, and winning congressional passage of the law

The Feminine Mystique

an influential book by Betty Friedan published in 1963 critiquing the ideal whereby women were encouraged to confine themselves to roles within the domestic sphere

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

commission appointed by president Kennedy in 1961 that issued a 1963 report documenting job and educational discrimination

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

resolution passed by congress in 1964 in the wake of a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin between the States and North Vietnam. It gave the president virtually unlimited authority in conducting the Vietnam war. The senate terminated the resolution in 1970 following outrage over the U.S. invasion of Cambodia

Operation Rolling Thunder

massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam authorized by president Johnson in 1965; despite lasting 3 years, the bombing made North Vietnam, more, not less, determined to continue fighting

Port Huron Statement

A 1962 manifesto by students for a democratic society from its first national convention in Port Huron, Michigan expressing disillusion with the complacent consumer culture and the gulf between rich and poor, as well as rejecting Cold War foreign policy

New Left

a term applied to radical students of the 1960s and 70s, distinguishing their activism from the old left, the communists and socialists of the 1930s and 40s

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)

The largest student political organization in the country in the 1960s, whose conservative members defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam

Sharon Statement

manifesto drafted in 1960 by founding members of the young Americans for freedom (YAF), which outlined the groups principles - free enterprise, limited government, and traditional morality - and inspired young conservatives who would play important roles in the Reagan Administration in the 1980s

Tet Offensive

major campaign of attacks launched throughout South Vietnam in January 1968 by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong. A major turning point in the war, it exposed the credibility gap between official statements and the wars reality, and it shook Americans confidence in the government

1968 Democratic National Convention

A convention held in Chicago during which numerous antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall were teargassed and clubbed by police. Inside the convention hall, the delegates were bitterly divided over Vietnam

Chicago Moratorium Committee

group founded by activist Latinos to protest the Vietnam War

Title IX

law passed as part of the education Amendments of 1972 guaranteeing women equal access and treatment in all educational institutions receiving federal funding

Stonewall Inn

a gay bar in New Yorks Greenwich Village that was raided by police in 1969; the ensuing two-day riot contributed to the rapid rise of a gay liberation movement

Silent Majority

term used by president Richard Nixon in a 1969 speech to describe those who supported his positions by did not publicly assert their voices, in contrast to those involved in the anti-war, civil rights, and women’s movement

Vietnamization

A U.S. policy, devised under president Nixon in the early 1970s, of delegating the ground fighting to the south Vietnamese in the Vietnam war. American troop levels dropped and American causalities dropped correspondingly, but the killing in Vietnam continued

My Lai

Vietnamese village where US. Army troops executed nearly 500 people in 1968, including a large number of women and children

Detente

the easing of conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Nixon administration, which was achieved by focusing on issues of common concern, such as arms control and trade.

Warren Court

the Supreme Court under chief justice Earl Warren (1953-1969), which expanded the constitutions promise of equality and civil rights. It issued landmark decision in the area of civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedom and separation of church and state

Terror Bombing

the goal was to kill civilians so the other side was less willing to continue the war effort

Stalingrad

Battle that lasted over a year - set up the world for the end of WWII

Yalta Conference

Allies held a conference (Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin), had the power to determine what would happen at the end of the war

Potsdam Conference

Harry Truman took over for Roosevelt after he died - agreed to split Germany into four sections - Tensions between the Soviet Union and United States

Marshall Plan

European nations should draw up plans for economic recovery, and the United States would fund it - helped all NATO countries, excluded Eastern Europe - heightened tensions with the Soviet Union

Truman Doctrine

The United States were going to support the monarchy in Greece against the insurgency by communist dictators - no democratic system on place - threat to international peace

Inchon Landing

United States wanted to hold onto Korea, took place at the dividing line between North and South Korea

Yalu River

Where Chinese troops came over to aid North Korea

Jim Crow (Connor, Wallace)

System of racial segregation in the south to uphold white supremacy

Medgar Evers (WWII Vets)

Activists, represented new generation of African Americans in the South

Thurgood Marshall

One of the most important figures for the NAACP - argued there was no such thing as separate but equal

Montgomery Bus Boycott

began because Rosa parks was arrested for not giving up her bus seat - nonviolent direct action, challenged the Jim Crow laws - organized a boycott which caused the bus company to face financial repercussions

Greensboro Four

Four college students held a sit in at the lunch counter because the restaurant did not serve African Americans inside, more and more people began to protest and brutality and violence against the protestors began, eventually protestors were arrested

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

People were getting arrested for protesting without a legal strategy, they turned to Ella Baker for advice - she told the students to remain an independent organization

Freedom Summer

Transformative movement in Mississippi, which was very racist, where white college students as well as African Americans would go around and get people registered to vote

Voting Rights Act

Outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes, gave federal government right to investigate what is preventing people from registering to vote in places where little minorities are registered

Malcolm X

Critic of MLK nonviolence

Lyndon B. Johnson

Chosen as JFKs running mate, declared war on poverty, focused a lot of energy on the civil rights act

Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII)

first big tangible law to address civil rights, outlawed segregation in public facilities, required desegregation of schools

Economic Opportunity Act (Job Corps)

created the job corps, figured out how to equip Americans to live in the modern economy, promised to help train people in new marketable skills

Culture of Poverty

people were poor because of their culture, studies of poor people - modern thinkers vs. traditional thinkers

VISTA

College graduates or college students went into impoverished areas to help the poor - had summer school for students

Community Act Programs (CAP)

Government cut funding on VISTA, money was going to the Vietnam War - created because it costs little to nothing, classes during the day, meetings with adults at night

Watts Riot

Riot that lasted 6 days, rooted in police brutality and racial discrimination

Kerner Commission

appointed to study the issue by LBJ, and was tasked with figuring out what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent it from happening again

National Liberation Front “Viet Cong”

Vietnamese Communists who fought against the United States, who were fighting a war against communism. Communist influences came from China

Search & Destroy (Iron Triangle, Body Count)

area between three population centers, thought most of vietcong were within these three centers. focused on the body count rather than concurring land, different from WWII

Khe Sahn

built on a remote mountain top, a part of the search and destroy plan - battle between the Vietcong and Americans, American citizens did not see this as a victory

Tet Offenseive

Planned over 100 attacks that were to happen at the same time, also was the turning point for many Americans to no longer support the war

My Lai Massacre (Calley)

A U.S. riffle company went into the village and massacred 357 men and women

“Guns and Butter”

funding for military or funding for social

First Wave

push for women to get basic civil rights such as voting rights, and access to higher education

Betty Friedan

wrote the feminine mystique, questioned why society had so narrowly defined her role

Civil Rights Act of 1964

prohibited discrimination based on gender

Gloria Steinem

gained national acclaim for writing about the disrespect that women were regularly subjected to, created her own magazine after struggling to get published in others

Sexual Revolution

popular culture started to talk more openly about sex, women had more control over pregnancy, women gone wild - moral decline

National Organization of Women

women entered politics, harnessing women’s activism in a new way

Equal Rights Amendment

Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the account of sex

Phyllis Schlafly

Biggest opponent of the ERA, conservative republican, and argued that women were different and ought to be treated differently by society

Eugene McCarthy

Questioned the war along with other things, announced he was going to run against LBJ—made the war his central issue

Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike

Went on strike because two black workers were killed, made great progress as a movement on segregation laws

Washington D.C. Riots

in the wake of MLKs assassination, lasted for 5 days—fueled by deeper injustices and angers

Robert F. Kennedy

candidate that focused on ending the war in Vietnam and poverty, picking up where JFK left off—was asassignated the night of Californias primary

Democratic National Convention (Humphrey)

In Chicago, students began to protest and police began to brutalize then leading to a horrific police riot

George Wallace

third party candidate, ran as a Dixiecrat—the Deep South voted for him, talked about equal rights for everyone but would subtly talk about preserving property values

Spiro Agnew

was Nixons running mate, did not appear presidential and would talk about protestors poorly

Richard Nixon

developed a reputation for being rough on communism, tried to appeal to more nationalistic and conservative voters

Watergate

break in at the democratic national committees office, men who broke in were closely related to the Republican Party—revealed that this was one of many illegal activities carried out by Nixon loyalists

Deindustralization

plant shut downs, oil embargo, shortage in gas, and skyrocket in prices; left the country struggling

“Misery Index”

Jimmy Carter inherited the worst economic picture since the Great Depression, term coined unemployment plus inflation

“Underclass”

no longer interested in solving the problems of the poor, portrayed the poor as hostile, poor because of their own choices—played on Americas racism stigmatized the poor

Reagan Revolution

Implying the poor people were taking advantage of government programs (welfare queen of Chicagos south side), cut social spending and reduced number of people on federal relief—did not reduce spending overall

Bill Gates

Microsoft co founder, successful company in an area that had basically no federal regulation

Garn-St. Germain Act (S&L’s)

deregulate savings and loans, would issue mortgages and personal loans—enabled them to do more things than they could previously do with depositors money, could invest in government bonds

New Democrats

political climate had changed, promoted a different vision—most well known was Bill Clinton

North America Free Trade Agreement

conservative set of policies, preventing the spread of communism, initial reason for free trade—embracing globalization, created a free trade zone between Mexico, America, and Canada

Walmart

Created by Sam Walton—low everyday prices, imported from China

Personal Responsibility & Work Opportunity Act

democratic embraced cuts to spending, passed a 5-year limit on government assistance

Battle of Seattle

discontent with policies, enveiornmental concern with free trade—protests sparked a brutal response from police

Moral Majority (Falwell)

Led by Jerry Falwell, became a spokesperson for the religious right—created to combine religious beliefs with collective political action

ACT UP

AIDS collision to unleash power—humanizing people who were dying from this disease

Murphy Brown (Quayle)

character in TV show who focused on career rather than starting a family—around time of 1992 presidential campaign character got pregnant and decided to keep the baby even though the father did not want to be around, asked painter to become its nanny (painter was gay)

Tipper Gore (Parents Music Resource Center)

encouraged people to join to protect children from music with violent and profane lyrics—fueled hysteria that rock music was promoting satanism—dangers of censorship

Ice-T

most controversial hip hop artist, became a Dj after the military instead of joining a gang—wrote songs about gang violence and police brutality

Pat Buchanan

was a maverick, felt the republican party had not moved in the religious direction

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell

inclusive U.S. military, would not ask if they were gay but gay people in the military were not allowed to reveal or tell that they were gay

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage by limiting the definition of marriage to the union of one man and one woman, and it further allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states

Matthew Shepard (James Byrd)

Was murdered, was at a bar… offered a ride home, was robbed, they beat him, tied him to a post where he froze to death—caused definition of hate crime to include members of LGBTQ community, failed to pass in Wyoming