Readings in Philippine History - Key Terms (Content and Context)

Vocabulary-style flashcards highlighting key terms and concepts from the lecture notes.

Spice Islands

The Maluku Islands in Southeast Asia; coveted by Spain and Portugal for the spice trade; control promised wealth, influence, and prestige.

Katipunan (KKK)

The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan; a Philippine anti-colonial revolutionary society aiming to overthrow Spain and unite Filipinos.

Andrés Bonifacio

Founder and leader of the Katipunan who mobilized the revolt against Spain.

Emilio Jacinto

Author of the Kartilya; 18-year-old law student at the University of Santo Tomas; secretary and key organizer of the Katipunan.

Kartilya ng Katipunan

The Katipunan's code of conduct with 14 rules guiding members’ behavior and values; written by Jacinto in 1896.

Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.

Original title of the Kartilya; translates to Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country.

Ilustrados

Educated Filipino reformists (e.g., Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena) who influenced liberal ideas and nationalist thinking.

Proclamation of Philippine Independence (1898)

Declaration of independence from Spain, proclaimed June 12, 1898 in Cavite; established Aguinaldo’s leadership and outlined the republic's future.

Dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo

The revolutionary government under Emilio Aguinaldo declared as a dictatorship during the independence proclamation.

GOMBURZA

Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora; three Filipino priests executed by Spanish authorities, whose deaths energized the independence movement.

Cavite Mutiny (1872)

A mutiny at Cavite that highlighted coercive colonial practices and contributed to revolutionary awareness.

Flag symbolism in the Proclamation

Flag described as white triangle (Katipunan), three stars (Luzon, Mindanao, Panay), sun with eight rays (eight provinces); colors blue, red, white linked to the US flag.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Agreement ending the Spanish-American War; Philippines sold to the United States for $20 million, undermining Filipino sovereignty.

Alfred McCoy’s Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941)

A collection of political cartoons analyzing American-era politics and mass media in the Philippines.

Uncle Sam

Personification of the United States used in cartoons to symbolize American influence and intervention.

Colorum

Unlicensed or illegal transport vehicles; a recurring issue depicted in early American-period cartoons.

Ninoy Aquino

Benigno 'Ninoy' Aquino Jr.; opposition figure whose assassination in 1983 galvanized the people toward democracy.

Cory Aquino

Corazon Aquino; widow of Ninoy; led the 1986 People Power movement and became president, restoring democracy.

EDSA People Power Revolution (1986)

Peaceful mass uprising that toppled Marcos and restored democracy; highlighted by Cory Aquino’s leadership.

Twenty-six billion foreign debt

Foreign debt accumulated under the Marcos regime; Cory Aquino argued it should be honored but with burdens on ordinary Filipinos.

Rizal’s execution

The execution of Jose Rizal, whose martyrdom fueled Filipino nationalist sentiment and resistance to Spanish rule.

Spice Islands

The Maluku Islands in Southeast Asia; coveted by Spain and Portugal for the spice trade; control promised wealth, influence, and prestige.

Katipunan (KKK)

The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan; a Philippine anti-colonial revolutionary society aiming to overthrow Spain and unite Filipinos.

Andrés Bonifacio

Founder and leader of the Katipunan who mobilized the revolt against Spain.

Emilio Jacinto

Author of the Kartilya; 18-year-old law student at the University of Santo Tomas; secretary and key organizer of the Katipunan.

Kartilya ng Katipunan

The Katipunan's code of conduct with 14 rules guiding members’ behavior and values; written by Jacinto in 1896.

Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.

Original title of the Kartilya; translates to Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country.

Ilustrados

Educated Filipino reformists (e.g., Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena) who influenced liberal ideas and nationalist thinking.

Proclamation of Philippine Independence (1898)

Declaration of independence from Spain, proclaimed June 12, 1898 in Cavite; established Aguinaldo’s leadership and outlined the republic's future.

Dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo

The revolutionary government under Emilio Aguinaldo declared as a dictatorship during the independence proclamation.

GOMBURZA

Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora; three Filipino priests executed by Spanish authorities, whose deaths energized the independence movement.

Cavite Mutiny (1872)

A mutiny at Cavite that highlighted coercive colonial practices and contributed to revolutionary awareness.

Flag symbolism in the Proclamation

Flag described as white triangle (Katipunan), three stars (Luzon, Mindanao, Panay), sun with eight rays (eight provinces); colors blue, red, white linked to the US flag.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Agreement ending the Spanish-American War; Philippines sold to the United States for $20 million, undermining Filipino sovereignty.

Alfred McCoy’s Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941)

A collection of political cartoons analyzing American-era politics and mass media in the Philippines.

Uncle Sam

Personification of the United States used in cartoons to symbolize American influence and intervention.

Colorum

Unlicensed or illegal transport vehicles; a recurring issue depicted in early American-period cartoons.

Ninoy Aquino

Benigno 'Ninoy' Aquino Jr.; opposition figure whose assassination in 1983 galvanized the people toward democracy.

Cory Aquino

Corazon Aquino; widow of Ninoy; led the 1986 People Power movement and became president, restoring democracy.

EDSA People Power Revolution (1986)

Peaceful mass uprising that toppled Marcos and restored democracy; highlighted by Cory Aquino’s leadership.

Twenty-six billion foreign debt

Foreign debt accumulated under the Marcos regime; Cory Aquino argued it should be honored but with burdens on ordinary Filipinos.

Rizal’s execution

The execution of Jose Rizal, whose martyrdom fueled Filipino nationalist sentiment and resistance to Spanish rule.

What were some key works of Jose Rizal?

Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo, influential novels that criticized Spanish colonial rule and fueled nationalist sentiment.

Who was Apolinario Mabini?

Known as the "Brains of the Revolution," he was a political philosopher and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the First Philippine Republic.

A conflict (1899-1902) between the First Philippine