Cell Organelles & Transport

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cytoplasm

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. (jelly like fluid)

Flagella

a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim. (like in sperm)

ribosome

a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein sythesis.

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; control center of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle that forms a maze of passege ways for protiens and other materials through the cell

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Mitcochondria

POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL, breaks down intermediate products of fuels to carbon dioxide and water (cellular respiration).

Turns glucose into ATP.

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

lysosome

cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

cell theory

everything is composed of cells cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

prokaryotes

Cells that lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, usually smaller and unicellular, (ex. bacteria)

eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, usally multicellular, (ex. plants, animals, & protista)

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell, from high concentration to low concentration

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ADP

(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy

cellular respiration

Process that creates ATP in the mitochondria