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什麼是泡利不相容原理?
在一個原子中,不可能有兩個電子擁有完全相同的四個量子數
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
In an atom, no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
泡利不相容原理是誰提出的?
沃爾夫岡·泡利
Who proposed Pauli Exclusion Principle?
Wolfgang Pauli
泡利因為這項貢獻於哪一年獲得諾貝爾物理學獎?
1945年
泡利不相容原理適用於所有粒子嗎?
不是,它主要適用於「費米子」
Does this Pauli Exclusion Principle apply to all particles?
No, it primarily applies to "fermions"
什麼是「費米子」?
自旋為半整數的粒子,例如電子、質子、中子
What are "fermions"
Particles with half-integer spin, such as electrons, protons, and neutrons
「玻色子」需要遵守泡利不相容原理嗎?
不需要,玻色子可以多個粒子處於同一狀態
Do "bosons" need to obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
No, multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state.
光子是費米子還是玻色子?
光子是玻色子。
Is a photon a fermion or a boson?
A photon is a boson.
根據泡利不相容原理,一個「原子軌域」最多能容納幾個電子?
2個
According to the principle, what is the maximum number of electrons an "atomic orbital" can hold?
Two
這兩個電子的「自旋」方向必須如何?
必須相反(一個向上,一個向下)
How must the "spins" of these two electrons be?
They must be opposite (one spin-up, one spin-down)
這兩個自旋相反的電子被稱為什麼?
自旋配對
What are these two electrons with opposite spins called?
They are called spin-paired.
用來描述電子量子態的一組數字叫什麼?
量子數
What is the set of numbers used to describe the quantum state of an electron called?
Quantum numbers.
總共有幾個量子數?
4個
How many quantum numbers are there?
Four
第一個量子數的名稱和符號是什麼?
主量子數,符號是 n。
What is the name and symbol of the first quantum number?
Principal quantum number, symbol n.
主量子數 (n) 決定了什麼?
決定了電子所在的「電子層」或「能階」。
What does the principal quantum number (n) determine?
It determines the "electron shell" or "energy level" in which the electron resides.
n 的取值是什麼?
正整數:1, 2, 3, 4...
What are the possible values of n?
Positive integers: 1, 2, 3, 4...
n=1 代表什麼?
第一電子層(K層)。
What does n=1 represent?
The first electron shell (K-shell).
第二個量子數的名稱和符號是什麼?
角量子數,符號是 l。
What is the name and symbol of the second quantum number?
Azimuthal (or angular momentum) quantum number, symbol l.
角量子數 (l) 決定了什麼?
決定了「原子軌域」的形狀。
What does the azimuthal quantum number (l) determine?
It determines the shape of the "atomic orbital".
l 的取值受什麼限制?
對於給定的 n,l 可以從 0 取到 (n-1)。
What restricts the values of l?
For a given n, l can range from 0 to (n-1).
當 l = 0 時,是什麼軌域?
s 軌域 。
What orbital is represented when l = 0?
s orbital.
s 軌域的形狀是怎樣的?
球形 。
What is the shape of an s orbital?
Spherical
當 l = 1 時,是什麼軌域?
p 軌域 。
What orbital is represented when l = 1?
p orbital.
p 軌域的形狀是怎樣的?
啞鈴形 。
What is the shape of a p orbital?
Dumbbell shape.
當 l = 2 時,是什麼軌域?
d 軌域
What orbital is represented when l = 2?
d orbital.
當 l = 3 時,是什麼軌域?
f 軌域。
What orbital is represented when l = 3?
f orbital
第三個量子數的名稱和符號是什麼?
磁量子數,符號是 mₗ。
What is the name and symbol of the third quantum number?
Magnetic quantum number, symbol mₗ.
磁量子數 (mₗ) 決定了什麼?
決定了軌域在空間中的「取向」。
What does the magnetic quantum number (mₗ) determine?
It determines the "orientation" of the orbital in space.
mₗ 的取值受什麼限制?
對於給定的 l,mₗ 可以從 -l 取到 +l,包括 0。
What restricts the values of mₗ?
For a given l, mₗ can take integer values from -l to +l, including zero.
l=0 (s軌域) 時,mₗ 有幾個取值?
1個 (mₗ=0)。
How many values does mₗ have when l=0 (s orbital)?
One (mₗ=0).
l=1 (p軌域) 時,mₗ 有幾個取值?分別是?
3個。mₗ = -1, 0, +1。
How many values does mₗ have when l=1 (p orbital)? What are they?
Three. mₗ = -1, 0, +1.
l=2 (d軌域) 時,mₗ 有幾個取值?
5個。
How many values does mₗ have when l=2 (d orbital)?
Five.
第四個量子數的名稱和符號是什麼?
自旋量子數,符號是 mₛ。
What is the name and symbol of the fourth quantum number?
Spin quantum number, symbol mₛ.
自旋量子數 (mₛ) 決定了什麼?
決定了電子自身的「自旋方向」。
What does the spin quantum number (mₛ) determine?
It determines the intrinsic "spin direction" of the electron.
mₛ 有哪兩個可能的取值?
+½ 或 -½。
What are the two possible values of mₛ?
+½ or -½.
mₛ = +½ 通常用什麼符號表示?
↑ (向上自旋 / Spin-up)。
What symbol is commonly used for mₛ = +½?
↑ (Spin-up).
mₛ = -½ 通常用什麼符號表示?
↓ (向下自旋 / Spin-down)。
What symbol is commonly used for mₛ = -½?
↓ (Spin-down).
哪三個量子數共同定義了一個特定的「原子軌域」?
n, l, mₗ。
Which three quantum numbers together define a specific "atomic orbital"?
n, l, mₗ.
泡利原理禁止兩個電子擁有完全相同的什麼?
四個量子數 (n, l, mₗ, mₛ)。
What does the Pauli principle forbid two electrons from having?
The same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, mₗ, mₛ).
如果兩個電子在同一個軌域(n, l, mₗ相同),它們的什麼必須不同?
它們的自旋量子數 (mₛ) 必須不同。
If two electrons are in the same orbital (same n, l, mₗ), what must be different?
Their spin quantum number (mₛ) must be different.
電子的排布方式叫什麼?
電子組態
What is the arrangement of electrons called?
Electron configuration.
具有相同 n 和 l 的軌域的集合叫什麼?
電子亞層
What is a set of orbitals with the same n and l called?
Subshell
s 亞層 (l=0) 有幾個軌域
1個
How many orbitals are in an s subshell (l=0)?
One
s 亞層最多能容納多少個電子?
2個
What is the maximum number of electrons an s subshell can hold?
Two.
p 亞層 (l=1) 有幾個軌域?
3個
How many orbitals are in a p subshell (l=1)?
Three.
p 亞層最多能容納多少個電子?
6個 (3軌道 x 2電子/軌道)。
What is the maximum number of electrons a p subshell can hold?
Six (3 orbitals x 2 electrons/orbital).
d 亞層 (l=2) 有幾個軌域?
5個。
How many orbitals are in a d subshell (l=2)?
Five.
d 亞層最多能容納多少個電子?
10個。
What is the maximum number of electrons a d subshell can hold?
Ten.
f 亞層 (l=3) 有幾個軌域?
7個。
How many orbitals are in an f subshell (l=3)?
Seven.
f 亞層最多能容納多少個電子?
14個。
What is the maximum number of electrons an f subshell can hold?
Fourteen.
氫原子 (H) 的原子序是1,它的電子組態是什麼?
1s¹
The atomic number of Hydrogen (H) is 1. What is its electron configuration?
1s¹
氦原子 (He) 的原子序是2,它的電子組態是什麼?
1s²