HA: Unit 6 Ch 18

- Mammogram

- Needle biopsy

- Sonogram

- Papanicolaou test

- Human papillomavirus (HPV) test

- Vaginal specimens

What Diagn

Mammogram

is one of the best screening tests do detect breast cancer; it is a film x-ray of the internal structures and tissues of the breasts

Breast cancer

What is the second leading cause of death in women?

Needle biopsy

is the insertion of a neede directly into the suspicious breast tissue; the tissue sample then is assessed for cytological pathology

Sonogram

is a breast ultrasound that uses sound waves to take pictures of breast tissue; used to differentiated between solid and cystic masses and guides location for needle biopsy

Papanicolau test

also known as Pap smear, is a screening test to detect abnormal cervical cells including cervical cancer; the cervical smear captures cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) test

is recommended to be used along with the Pap test for screening women aged 30 years and older for the HPV infection which can put a woman at higher risk for cervical cancer

Vaginal specimens

are obtained in women with vaginal discharge; the specimen identifies the organisms causing the symptoms; commonly collected for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or vaginal drainage of unknown etiology

age 8 and as late as age 14

What age can menstruation begin?

menarche

the first menstrual period is called ____

X/Y

Menstrual cycle is expressed as ____

Duration = How many days does menstruation last?

What does X mean?

Cycle = How often does menstruation occur?

What does Y mean?

Amenorrhea

is the absence of menses (no period)

Primary Amenorrhea

is defined in women who are age 15 yrs and older and have not had a menstrual cycle

Secondary Amenorrhea

is the absence of a menstrual cycle for more than three months in girls or women who perviously had regular menstrual cycle for 6 months in girls or women who had irregular menses

Menorrhagia

excessive or prolonged duration of menses; may pass many clots with menstrual flow

Oligomenorrhea

decreased or light menses

Primary dysmenorrhea

is menstrual pain occurring with ovulatory menstrual cycles; it is accompanied by a range of systemic symptoms such as lower abdominal pain that may radiate to the lower back or legs, headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, fatigue, and depression

Secondary dysmenorrhea

is menstrual pain associated with a gynecological condition such as fibroids or endometriosis. It often develops after age 20

- partners

- practices

- protection

- past history of STD

- prevention of pregnancy

What are the 5 P's when asking about Sexual Health?

98%

The male condom is ____% effective as contraceptive if used every single time with sex and if used correctly

BRCA1 or BRCA2

The American Cancer Society recommends that a woman with the ______ or _____ gene mutation should have a mammogram and magnetic resonance imaging annually

Fibrocystic breast disease

is benign painless lumps or thickening of tissue that are felt in a woman's breast; often associated with hormonal changes during a woman's menstrual cycle

Breast cysts

are fluid filled lumps in the breast; may or may not be painful

Fibroadenomas

are solid, round, rubbery lumps filled with fibrous and glandular tissues; these lumps move easily when pushed; more common in young women

- Lump

- Thickening or dense tissue felt inside the breast or underarm area

- Swelling, warmth, inflammation, or color changes

- Changes in the size or shape of the breast

- Dimpling or puckering of the skin

- Itchy, scaly sore or rash on or around the nipple

- Retraction of the nipple or other parts of the breast

- Nipple discharge

- Pain in an area of the breast

What are the warning signs of Breast Cancer?

- Family history

- Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

- Advancing age

- Obesity in advancing age

- Moderate levels of alcohol

- Combined hormonal therapy of estrogen and progesterone

- Physical inactivity

- Increased breast tissue density

- Long menstrual period (periods that start early and/or end later in life).

- Oral contraceptives

- Never having children

- Having a child after age 30

What are the risk factor for breast cancer?

Mastalgia

is breast pain that usually is correlated to a woman's menstrual cycle

Ovarian cancer

is the 5th leading cause of cancer death in women aged 35 to 74 years

- Bacterial Vaginosis

- Candidiasis

- Chlamydia

- Trichomoniasis

What are some abnormal discharge?

Bacterial Vaginosis

- Thin, white, yellow, or grayish

- fishy odor

- Causes: STI & Overgrowth of vaginal bacteria flora

Candidiasis

- Thick, white, curd-like

- Cause: Fungal infection caused by yeast: Candiada

Chlamydia

- Bleeding after sexual intercourse

- Discharge with foul odor

- Cause: STI & Organism is a bacterium: Chlamydia trachomatis

Trichomoniasis

- Clear, white, yellow-greren

- Frothy discharge

- Cause: STI & Organism in a parasite: Trichomonas vaginalis

Normal

Normal or Abnormal Finding when Inspecting Female Breasts?

- Breasts are symmetrical

- Color of skin is uniform

- Areola is round or oval, uniform color

- Montgomery tubercles are present

- Nipples are centered, round, without discharge or crusting

- Venous patterns are the same on both breasts

Abnormal

Normal or Abnormal Finding when Inspecting Female Breasts?

- Asymmetrical breasts

- Erythema or signs of inflammation

- Mastitis

- Breast tissue retraction, lumps, or dimpling

- Unilateral venous pattern

- Peau d’orange

Normal

Normal or Abnormal Finding when Palpating Female Breasts?

- No tenderness

- No lumps

- No increased tissue density

- No nipple discharge

Abnormal

Normal or Abnormal Finding when Palpating Female Breasts?

- Tenderness or pain

- Lumps or masses

- Nipple discharge

- Paget’s disease

Abdominal bloating

What is the common symptom with Ovarian cancer?