ACID-BASE Balance: Types, Causes, and ABG Interpretation

What is the normal pH range for body fluids?

Between 7.35 and 7.45.

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Decreased gas exchange in the lungs due to changes in ventilation, perfusion, or diffusion.

What is respiratory alkalosis and what causes it?

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, leading to excess CO2 exhalation (hypocapnia).

What causes metabolic acidosis?

Increased acid production as a by-product of metabolism or loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions.

What is metabolic alkalosis and what causes it?

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in serum bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration due to loss of hydrogen (H+) ions or direct gain of HCO3-.

What are common conditions that lead to respiratory acidosis?

Conditions like COPD, asthma, pulmonary edema, medications that depress respiratory effort, or chest trauma.

What conditions can lead to respiratory alkalosis?

Pain, fear, salicylate overdose, or increased metabolic states like fever and high altitudes.

What factors can lead to metabolic acidosis?

Starvation, type I diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrest, or prolonged diarrhea.

What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Dehydration, diuretic therapy, hypokalemia, or conditions that increase bicarbonate intake.

Why is maintaining blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45 critical?

It is essential for cellular function and survival.

What is hypocapnia?

A state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood, often caused by hyperventilation.

What is the role of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in acid-base balance?

Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to maintain pH levels in the body.

How does dehydration contribute to metabolic alkalosis?

Dehydration can lead to an increase in bicarbonate concentration in the blood.

What is the relationship between respiratory function and acid-base balance?

Altering respiratory function can lead to respiratory acidosis or alkalosis, affecting overall acid-base balance.

What is the significance of ABG results in acid-base balance?

ABG results help interpret the acid-base status of a patient and guide treatment.