TRANS Skeletal Upper Limb Bone

Vocabulary flashcards covering the bones, landmarks, articulations, and joints of the upper limb based on the lecture notes.

Scapula

A triangular, flat bone (also known as the shoulder blade) that connects the upper limb to the trunk and articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint and the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

Glenoid fossa

A shallow cavity located superiorly on the lateral border of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint.

Supraglenoid tubercle

A roughening immediately superior to the glenoid fossa that serves as the attachment site for the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.

Infraglenoid tubercle

A roughening immediately inferior to the glenoid fossa that serves as the attachment site for the long head of the triceps brachii muscle.

Subscapular fossa

A large concave depression over most of the costal (anterior) surface of the scapula that serves as the origin site of the subscapularis muscle.

Coracoid process

A hook-like projection originating from the superolateral surface of the costal scapula lying underneath the clavicle, serving as the attachment site for $3$ muscles: pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and the short head of the biceps brachii.

Spine of the scapula

The most prominent feature on the posterior surface of the scapula that runs transversely, dividing the posterior surface into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae.

Acromion

A projection of the scapular spine that arches over the glenohumeral joint and articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

Supraspinous fossa

The area above the spine of the scapula that is smaller and more convex in shape than the infraspinous fossa, serving as the origin of the supraspinatus muscle.

Infraspinous fossa

The convex area below the spine of the scapula that serves as the origin of the infraspinatus muscle.

Clavicle

An S-shaped long bone (also known as the collarbone) extending between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.

Sternal end of the clavicle

The medial end of the clavicle containing a large facet for articulation with the manubrium of the sternum.

Acromial end of the clavicle

The lateral end of the clavicle housing a small facet for articulation with the acromion of the scapula.

Conoid tubercle

A bony landmark on the clavicle that serves as the attachment point for the conoid ligament (the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament).

Trapezoid line

A bony landmark on the clavicle that serves as the attachment point for the trapezoid ligament (the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament).

Humerus

A long bone of the upper limb extending from the shoulder to the elbow, articulating proximally with the glenoid fossa and distally with the head of the radius and trochlear notch of the ulna.

Greater tuberosity

A landmark located laterally on the proximal humerus with anterior and posterior surfaces, serving as the attachment site for supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles.

Lesser tuberosity

A smaller, medially located landmark on the proximal humerus with only an anterior surface, serving as the attachment site for the subscapularis muscle.

Intertubercular sulcus

A deep groove separating the greater and lesser tuberosities of the humerus through which the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passes.

Surgical neck of the humerus

The region extending from just distal to the tuberosities to the shaft of the humerus, where most proximal humerus fractures occur and against which the axillary nerve and circumflex humeral vessels lie.

Deltoid tuberosity

A roughened area on the lateral side of the humeral shaft serving as the attachment point for the middle fibers of the deltoid muscle.

Radial groove

A shallow depression running diagonally down the posterior surface of the humerus parallel to the deltoid tuberosity, containing the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery.

Capitulum

The lateral smooth eminence on the distal humerus that articulates with the head of the radius.

Trochlea

The medial smooth surface on the distal humerus that extends onto the posterior aspect and articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna.

Ulna

A long bone located medially in the forearm that acts as the stabilizing bone while the radius pivots around it.

Olecranon

A large proximal projection of the ulna palpated as the tip of the elbow, serving as the attachment site for the triceps brachii muscle on its superior surface.

Coronoid process of the ulna

A ridge of bone on the proximal ulna that projects outwards anteriorly and forms the trochlear notch together with the olecranon.

Trochlear notch

A wrench-shaped structure on the proximal ulna formed by the olecranon and coronoid process that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

Radial notch

A depression on the lateral surface of the trochlear notch of the ulna that articulates with the head of the radius.

Tuberosity of ulna

A roughening located immediately distal to the coronoid process of the ulna that serves as the attachment site for the brachialis muscle.

Ulnar styloid process

A distal projection extending from the rounded head at the distal end of the ulna.

Radius

A long bone located laterally in the forearm that pivots around the ulna to produce movement at the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints.

Radial head

A disk-shaped proximal structure of the radius with a concave articulating surface that is thicker medially to participate in the proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ).

Radial tuberosity

A bony projection on the proximal radius that serves as the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle.

Ulnar notch

A concavity on the medial surface of the distal radius that articulates with the head of the ulna to form the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).

Carpal bones

A group of $8$ irregularly shaped bones located in the wrist area organized into a proximal row and a distal row.

Pisiform

A carpal bone in the proximal row that functions as a sesamoid bone formed within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.

Hamate

A carpal bone in the distal row featuring a distinct projection on its palmar surface known as the hook of the hamate.

Flexor retinaculum

A membranous band spanning between the medial and lateral edges of the carpal arch, forming the carpal tunnel.

Metacarpal bones

Five bones related to digits I through V, each consisting of a base, shaft, and head, with concave medial and lateral surfaces for interossei muscle attachment.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers, consisting of $3$ phalanges (proximal, intermediate/middle, distal) per finger, except for the thumb which contains $2$ (proximal and distal).

Acromioclavicular joint

A plane-type synovial joint formed between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula.

Acromioclavicular ligament

A ligament running horizontally from the acromion to the lateral clavicle that covers the joint capsule and reinforces its superior aspect.

Coracoclavicular ligament

A strong structure composed of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments that effectively suspends the weight of the upper limb from the clavicle.

Conoid ligament

The medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament running vertically from the coracoid process of the scapula to the conoid tubercle of the clavicle.

Trapezoid ligament

The lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament running from the coracoid process of the scapula to the trapezoid line of the clavicle.