HAP Ch 1B

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Last updated 2:12 PM on 8/13/26
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74 Terms

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anatomical position​

Standing body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body; Standard point of reference in Anatomy & Physiology

<p>Standing body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body; Standard point of reference in Anatomy & Physiology</p>
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Directional terms

Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another; Direction is always based on standard anatomical position

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Superior (Cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

<p>toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above</p>
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Inferior (Caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

<p>away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below</p>
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Anterior

toward the front of the body; in front of

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Posterior

toward the back of the body; behind

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Ventral

belly side

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Dorsal

spine side

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Medial

toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of

<p>toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of</p>
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Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

<p>away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of</p>
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Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

<p>closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk</p>
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Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

<p>farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk</p>
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Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

<p>toward or at the body surface</p>
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Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

<p>away from the body surface; more internal</p>
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Axial

head, neck, trunk

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Appendicular

upper and lower limbs

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Cephalic

head

<p>head</p>
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Frontal

forehead

<p>forehead</p>
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Orbital

eye

<p>eye</p>
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Nasal

nose

<p>nose</p>
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Buccal

cheek area (lower)

<p>cheek area (lower)</p>
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Zygomatic

upper cheek area

<p>upper cheek area</p>
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Oral

mouth

<p>mouth</p>
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mental

chin

<p>chin</p>
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cervical

neck

<p>neck</p>
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thoracic

chest

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sternal

breastbone area

<p>breastbone area</p>
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axillary

armpit

<p>armpit</p>
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mammary

breast

<p>breast</p>
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abdominal

abdomen

<p>abdomen</p>
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umbilical (naval)

belly button area

<p>belly button area</p>
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pelvic

pelvis

<p>pelvis</p>
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inguinal

groin

<p>groin</p>
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pubic

genital region

<p>genital region</p>
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upper limb

arm

<p>arm</p>
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acromial

shoulder

<p>shoulder</p>
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brachial

arm

<p>arm</p>
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antecubital

front of elbow

<p>front of elbow</p>
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carpal

wrist

<p>wrist</p>
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manus

hand

<p>hand</p>
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metacarpal

palm

<p>palm</p>
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pollex

thumb

<p>thumb</p>
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digital/phalangeal

fingers, toes

<p>fingers, toes</p>
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lower limb

leg

<p>leg</p>
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coxal

hip

<p>hip</p>
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femoral

thigh

<p>thigh</p>
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patellar

front of knee (kneecap)

<p>front of knee (kneecap)</p>
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popliteal

back of knee

<p>back of knee</p>
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crural

shin or anterior lower leg (knee to ankle)

<p>shin or anterior lower leg (knee to ankle)</p>
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sural

calf or posterior surface of the leg

<p>calf or posterior surface of the leg</p>
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fibular (peroneal)

lateral side of the leg

<p>lateral side of the leg</p>
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pedal

foot

<p>foot</p>
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tarsal

ankle

<p>ankle</p>
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calcaneal

heel of foot

<p>heel of foot</p>
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metatarsal

top of foot between toes and ankle

<p>top of foot between toes and ankle</p>
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plantar

sole of foot

<p>sole of foot</p>
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hallux

big toe

<p>big toe</p>
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otic

ear

<p>ear</p>
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occipital

back of head

<p>back of head</p>
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scapular

shoulder blade region

<p>shoulder blade region</p>
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vertebral

spinal column

<p>spinal column</p>
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lumbar

lower back

<p>lower back</p>
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sacral

area between hips

<p>area between hips</p>
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gluteal

buttock

<p>buttock</p>
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perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

<p>region between the anus and external genitalia</p>
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clavicular

collarbone area

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supraclavicular

above the clavicle; above the collarbone area

<p>above the clavicle; above the collarbone area</p>
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cranial

skull; head

<p>skull; head</p>
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Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

<p>divides body into left and right</p>
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Midsagittal (median) plane​

divides body into exactly equal left and right (perfectly on the midline)

<p>divides body into exactly equal left and right (perfectly on the midline)</p>
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Parasagittal plane

divides body into left and right, off center, not on the midline

<p>divides body into left and right, off center, not on the midline</p>
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Frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

<p>divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)</p>
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Transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom); produces cross sections

<p>divides the body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom); produces cross sections</p>
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Oblique section​

Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane​

<p>Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane​</p>