Clinical Immunology - Leukocytes

Granulocytes and mononuclear

What are the two major types of leukocytes?

Segmented nuclei and cytoplasmic granules

What are the two main characteristics of granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

What are the subtypes of granulocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

What are the subtypes of mononuclears?

A Barr body or inactive X chromosome; implies that this sample is from a female patient

The arrow in the image is pointing to what structure? What does this imply?

3-5 lobes and condensed chromatin

The nucleus of a neutrophil has what characteristics?

Colorless, or neutral

The specific granules of neutrophils appear how in a stain?

Heterophils

Which cells in exotics are analogous to neutrophils?

Defend host against invading microbes, recognize and migrate to inflammatory signals, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing

What are the main functions of neutrophils in the immune system?

Endothelium

Neutrophils bind to what structure for transmitigation to tissues?

Actin and myosin filaments in the cytoplasm

Neutrophils are motile die to the presence of?

Acidic

The pH of an activated neutrophil is (basic/acidic) in order to inhibit bacterial activity

Defensin and lysozyme

Which enzymes in neutrophils are bactericidal?

Binds to iron to inhibit microbial replication

Lactoferrin is a substance found in the granules of neutrophils. What is its purpose and method of action?

Decrease; bacterial infection and sepsis

Neutropenia, which is a ___ in the number of neutrophils, enhances the risk of what?

Neutrophils cannot enter or exit blood or tissue due to endothelial adhesion defect

BLAD or CLAD are dysfunctions of neutrophils in what capacity?

Blood

Neutrophils migrate from ___ to tissues

False (There are two; circulating and marginated)

True or False: There is only one main pool of neutrophils in the body

Inflammation

An increased number of 'bands' seen in blood is indicative of what process in the body?

Segmented neutrophil

The most mature type of neutrophil is a?

Segmented neutrophils only

The neutrophilic storage pool is made up of what types of neutrophils?

Cattle; with acute inflammation, they will lose neutrophils and quickly become neutropenic

Which type of animal has a poor neutrophilic storage pool? What issue does this cause?

2-3 days

The neutrophilic pool in species like dogs has a supply for how long?

1:1; exception in cats, 3:1

The ratio of marginated to circulating neutrophils is what in most species? What is the main exception?

Circulating pool

The type of neutrophilic pool detected in a CBC is the?

6-10 hours in blood; 1-2 days in tissue after

How long do neutrophils stay in the blood? In tissue?

Left shift

An elevation in bands and metmyelocytes is known as?

Colony stimulating factor

What factor mediates stimulation of neutrophil production?

Major basic protein, peroxidase, etc

The cytoplasm of eosinophils have granules which contain what?

A ruminant

What type of animal is this eosinophil from?

Cats

Which animals have eosinophils with more rod-shaped granules?

Basophil

The largest granulocyte is the?

Vasoactive substances amd bronchoconstrictive mediators

Which substances do basophils release?

True

True or False: Though they are agranulocytes, monocytes may have vacuoles or azurophilic granules

Hematopoietic recovery; share a stimulator with neutrophils and an increase in monocytes indicates a future increase in neutrophils

Monocytes may serve as a marker for what clinical process? Explain.

Antimicrobial, tumorcidal, removal of cell debris, source of specialized phagocytic cells

List some of the functions of monocytes in the immune system

Small

Most lymphocytes should be (small/large) in size with the exception of in ruminants

T lymphocytes

60% of blood lymphocytes are what type?

30; produce antibodies by plasma cells

B-lymphocytes compose ___% of blood lymphocytes and do what?

Blood and lymphoid tissues

Lymphocytes re-circulating between what two pools?

Lymphopenia

Disruption of lymphatic flow can cause what clinical sign?

Automated cell counting, hemocytometer, and blood smear estimates

What are the main methods for obtaining total leukocyte concentrations?

Automated cell counting

What is typically the most accurate method of total leukocyte counting?

Because they have nucleated erythrocytes, an analyzer will not count correctly; a hemocytometer or blood smear estimate must be used

What is the main issue with counts and non-mammalian blood?

Manual differential counting

The gold standard leukocyte differential method is?

100

How many white blood cells are counted during a manual differential?

Neutrophilia and lymphocytosis

Name the two issues seen on this diagnostic

Neutrophilia with left shift and monocytosis

What leukocyte issues are noted?