Module 2 Lab

Types of bone tissue

spongy - many spaces within the matrix, filled with bone marrow

compact - densely packed with calcified salt, very strong

Types of bone shapes

Long, short, flat, and irregular

What is within the diaphysis

Medullary cavity- contains bone marrow, yellow bone marrow (fat) and some red bone marros - contains hematopoietic stem cells to produce new blood cells

Epiphyseal growth plate

Hyaline cartilage

when the bone is still growing in length

junction between epiphysis and diaphysis

When skeleton is mature, cartilage

Cartilage is replaced by compact bone to form the epiphyseal line

What does the central canal contain

artery, a vien, nerves, and lymphatic vessel

Paired skull bones

• Temporal

• Parietal

• Maxilla

• Zygomatic

• Lacrimal

• Inferior nasal conchae

Single skull bones

• Frontal

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

• Mandible

• Vomer

Cranial bones

• Frontal

• Parietal

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

• Temportal

Facial bones

• Mandible

• Nasal

• Zygomatic

• Inferior nasal concha

• Lacrimal

• Maxilla

• Vomer

Inferior nasal conchae

• Form ridges called turbinates, which warm the air we inhale

Crista Galli

attachment site for a membrane that holds the brain in place

Cribriform pates

contain holes through which olfactory nerves run

Sella turcica

The pituitary gland rests

Petrous portion

Hardest region of the skull

houses the tiny, delicate middle and inner ear structures that are vital for hearing and balance

Internal acoustic meatus

Cranial nerves run through the meatus

Supraorbital margin

forms the eyebrow

Perpendicular plate

Ridge of the bone that seperates the nasal cavity into two halves

Mental foramina

Blood vessels and nerves pass through

Angle of the mandible

sexually dimorphic trait

usually has a right angle in males and an obtuse angle in females

External acoustic meatus

allows sound waves to be transmitted toward the inner ear

Mastoid process

attachment site for muscles

External occipital protuberance

varies in size between individuals

Hard palate

seperates the nasal from the oral cavity

Mandibular fossa

groove in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular condyle to form the jaw

foramen magnum

large hole that allows the spinal cord to connect to the brainstem

occipital condyles

articulate with the first vertebra

cribiform plates

contain holes through which olfactory nerves run

Nasal cavity

Consists of bone and cartilage lines by a mucous membrane that filters, warms, and humidifies the air before it enters the lungs

Paranasal sinuses

cavities within skull bones that are lined by the same mucous membrane

Sinus

Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid

body of the vertebra

bears the most weight

vertebral foramen

spinal cord runs through this

intervertebral discs

rest between the bodies of the vertebrae, absorbing shock

Concave

cervical

lumbar

secondary

Convex

thoracic

sacral

primary

when does cervical develop

once we learn how to hold our head up

when does lumbar develop

once we learn how to walk

atlas

c1

articulates with the skull

wides vertebral foramen because spinal cord is wwide

superior articular facets

allows for flexion and extension of the head like nodding yes

dens

allows us to rotate our head from side to side like nodding no

What does atlas and axis not have

intervertebral disc because the atlas lacks a body

spinous process of c3-c7

short because the muscles of the neck pull the bone into a v shape

transverse foramina

accomodate the vertebral arteries that supply the brain

Vertebra prominens

c7

long, non-bfied, spinous process that can be felt

bifurcated

divided into two parts

superiod and inferior costal facets

allow the thoracic vertebrae to articulate with the head of the rub

transverse costal facet

articulate with the tubercle of the rib

lumbar vertebrae

lower back, largest of the vertebrae

5

cervical vertebrae

7

thoracic vertebrae

12

sacrum

5

fusion of vertebrae which fuse when you are 30

articulates with two coxal bones and fifth lumbar vertebrae

coccyx

4

tail bone

all vertebrae have a tail during development and humans tail degenerates and all that remains is the coccyx

attachment site for the filum terminale ligament which holds the spinal cord in place

coastal cartilage

hyaline cartilage

gives the thoracic cage flexibility to change volume during breathing

false ribs

costal cartilage attaches to the sternum indirectly of the rubs lack costal cartilage

8-12

true ribs

costal cartilage attaches to the sterm

first 7

floating ribs

ribs 11 and 12

costal margin

lower edge of the thoracic cage, created by the costal cartilages of ribs 7-10

rib anterior and posterior

articulates with thoracic vertebrae posterior

articulates with the sternum with costal cartilage anterior

head of the rib

articulates with the superior inferior costal facets of the body of the thoracic vertebrae, at the junction point where two vertebrae stack on top of one another

2 articular facets

one that articulates with the superior vertebrae, and the other articulate with the inferior vertebra

tubercle

articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae

costal groove

through which the nerves and vessels run

sternum

breast bone

protects the heart

manubrium

articulates with the clavicles at the right and left clavicular notches - located near the top of the manubrium

sternal angle

created when the manubrium connects to the body

body of the sternum

extends from the second rib to the fifth rib

xiphoid process

shaped like an arrowhead

reamins in its cartilage state until about 40 years of age

sternal end of the clavicle

connects to the manubrium of the sternum

Acromial end of the clavicle

attaches laterally to the acromion of the scalpula

concoid tubercle

cone-shaped attachment sit for the concoid ligament

three borders of the scapula

superior borders, lateral (axillary) border, and medial (vertebral) borde

coracoid process

attachment site for muscles

acromion

articulates with the clavicle

glenoid cavity

articulates with the humerus

subscapular fossa

muscle attaches

spins of the scapula

runs from the medial border toward the lateral borded

humerus

articulates with the scapula at the pectoral girdle and the radius and ulna at the elbow

greater and lesser tubercles

provide attachment sites for muscles

surgical neck

where the humerus is most often fractured

deltoid tuberosity

named after the muscle that attaches to it

tochlea

articulates with the ulna

capitilum

articulates with the radius

lateral and medial epicondly

attachment site for muscles

coronoid fossa

portion where the ulna fits

olecranon

where the ulna fits

ulna

longer than the radius

more important in the functioning of the elbow, not the wrist

olecranon process

articulates with the olecranon fossa on the posterior surface of the humerus

trochlear notch

trochlea of the humerus sits

coronoid process

fits into the coronoid fossa on the anterior surface of the humerus

radial notch

articulates with the radius at the proximal radioulnar notch

head of the ulna

articulates with the radius at the distal radioulnar joint

styloid process

attachment site for a ligament

distal end of the ulna

radius

lateral portion of the forearm

articulates with the humerus at the elbow and articulates with the carpals at the wrist

more important for the wrist

head of the radius

located on the proximal end

shaped like a disc

the capitulum of the humerus sits on the head

radial tuberosity

attachment site for a muscle

styloid process

the distal end of the radius

• articulates with the head of the ulna at the distal radioulnar join

metacarpals

numbers 1-5

from the thumb to the pink

proximal carpal bone from the lateral side

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform

distal carpal bone from the lateral side

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate