MARY SOC ECON

Who was lord Treasurer under Mary?

Paulet

Who was Paulet also Lord Treasurer under?

Northumberland

What was Paulet like?

a gifted financier

What was Paulet’s title?

Marquess of Winchester

Who was in charge of most of the economic policies under Mary?

Paulet

What is the overview of Mary’s economic policies?

a continuation of Northumberlands policies

What happened to the exchequer?

expanded to encorporate the court of Augmentations, court of first fruits and tenths,

How much money did the exchequer handle?

75% of the crowns income which is £1265 thousand per annum

What are Mary’s policies a continuation of and what are these a continuation of?

Northuberland which is a continuation of Cromwell’s rev in gov

What happened to the rents from crown lands?

re-evaluated and raised to apporximatley 40,000 per year

Who does Paulet work for across his career?

Henry, Edward, Mary and Elizabeth (then he retires)

Why was it a good move to revalue the rent from crown lands?

rents had been reassessed for years, not loads of money raised but some

What financial policies are proposed under Edward but take place under Mary?

exchequer pursues crown debors and books of rates

What is an example of a crown debtor being pursued?

Sir Thomas Egerton owed £7497

What was he drawback of crown debtors being pursued?

Mary didnt pursue her favourites or those she needed on side

Who is a crown debtor that got away/

Lord Pembroke

What is the book of rates?

revised custom duties

When was the book of rates last revised?

1501 and ha not rised with inflation

What was the impact of the reision of the book of rates?

customs revenue rose from £29,000 in 1556 to £82,000 in 1558

What is the draw back for the revised book of rates for Mary?

really comes into play when Mary dies in 1558 so it really benefits Elizabeth

What garrison cost is removed, what is the drawback?

Calais, but this is not recognized at the time

What debasement occurs under Mary?

NONE!

What financial plans are made under Mary that dont come into fruition until Elizabeth?

to restore the silver content (after NL ends debasement) but only occurs in 1560

What stability does Paulet provide?

continuity of his ideas and Northumberlands

How does the Historian William’s describe Marys economic policies?

adequate

How does the Historian Loade’s describe Marys economic policies?

considerable achievement

What are the debt figures at the start and end of Mary’s reign?

starts with £185,000 by the end it was £300,00 which is an increase of 115,000

Why is Mary’s debt figure impressive?

only increased by 115,000 despite going to war

When is the heaviest rain?

155/1556

What are harvests like in this period?

1555/6 sees the worst harvest failures in the 16th century bar 1596

What did the rain and harvest failures cause?

massive price increases and famine

what epidemic occured in 1556-8, what was the death toll like?

flu, killed 1 in 10 which is the highest death rate since the black death

What do records show about the flu epidemic?

only time since records began that death rates 2x as high as normal

What happened to the population between 1556-1561?

population fell by 5%

What happened to agricultural workers purchasing power in 1559?

dropped by 59% of what it had been 50 years earlier

What level were people living at?

below the poverty line

What is still persisting, why?

enclosurement, to try and salvage trade issues aising due to Antwerp

WHy cant we blame Mary for lots of the major soical issues?

out of her control and her policies were as responsive and effective as any other government (eg stockpiling grain)

What is happening to Antwerp?

still in decline

What is surprising about Mary’s social policy?

so effectove that despite the horrrific events, no rebellions!

Why do some argue that MAry helped with her social policy?

charitable catholic personality

What does the 1555 act?

act to stop enclosure and increase grain supplies

What does the 1555 act allow?

people able to grow and conume food, can consume and sell stock, employment increases

What does Mary encourage larger towns to do?

stockpile food to keep expenses small and organsie poor relief

What foes the act of encouraging larger towns to stockpile food to keep expenses small and organise poor relief allow?

food prices decrease and now affordable living standards

What does the act for free london hospitals for orphans, paupers, sick children, adults and the insane do?

solved the problem urban unrest like increased crime and mortality rates

What stablises the english economy?

increased trade and production of goods

How does Mary counteract Antwerp?

trading with the Baltic countries and set up companies producing and selling goods abroad

What happens to the wool and cloth undustry?

leaglised and officialised

How is the wool/cloth trade legalised and officialised?

with the weavers, woolen cloth retail trade acts between 1555-1557 and increase incentives for unemployed to work and industries to produce

What are the economic policies counteracted by?

changes to economy but it does help with unemployment and increases the standard of livings

What happened to the general recoinage?

plans were drawn up under Mary and she laid the groundwork for monetary stability but it only occured under Elizabteh

What was the Poor act (1555)?

extended earlier Tudor poor legislation (eg licensed beggars to wear badges) intended to organise parish relief and shame almsgivers into supporting the poor - a continuing and strengthening of previous laws

Who later used Mary’s relief provision in large towns?

used in later Elizabethian administration

What damaged England’s continental trading?

war with France, Hapsbug/Spanish politics

What did Mary attempt to restrict?

industry moveemnt that caused undustry umeployment (descouages depopulating towns)

What was the issue with Mary’s enclosure policy?

didnt introduce a sustained national programme to halt enclousre which left many dispossessed villagers vulnerable

What is the criticism about the response to the 1555/6 crisis?

emergency corn crisis and local subisides were arranged but patchy and ad hoc

What did the naval and defence expenditure help with?

offered short term employment and helped some urban industries but this was short lived

What did local relief still rely on?

Mary continued parliamentary poor legislation but enforceemnt was variable and often inadequate in rural areas

What was Mary’s legislation on vagrancy like?

intended to reduce visible poverty and disorder but critics argue that it crimnalised poverty rather than ddress structural causes

Why wa ssocial policy patchy?

depended on whether the local elites were resistant or not

Hwo did Mary encourage Parish level poor relief?

through the use of JPs

What was the issues with the brevity of Mary’s reign?

limited available reforms and many were incomplete

How did the governments stimulus to crown revenue help?

through better collection pracices and bolstered the exchequer, improving resources for admin and the military