Unit 4 heimler

Maritime

Related to sea

Reasons for European exploration

Gold, God, Glory

Caravel

Smaller & highly navigable; fast and can carry lots of cargo

Fluyt

Built for trade with larger cargo areas; smaller crews & ½ the cost

Astrolabe

Tells you how far north and south of the equator

Magnetic compass

Know which direction you are headed because of magnetic field

Lateen sail

Triangular sail; catch winds on both sides

Wind patterns

Accurate records

Bartolomew Diaz

Explorer who sailed around Africa

Vasco da Gama

Explorer who sailed around Africa to India

Ferdinand Magellan

1st to circumnavigate the globe

Christopher Columbus

Sought a new western route

John Cabot

Tried to find northwest passage to Asia

Henry Hudson

Claimed Hudson River Valley and New Amsterdam

Franciscans

Missionaries who worked to convert the masses

Jesuits

Missionaries who worked to convert the elite (mainly rejected)

Trading Post Empire

Control coastal areas and spice trade

Canada and Quebec

Claimed/established by France

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the East and West, named after Christopher Columbus.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Native Americans?

It was a disaster for them, as they lacked immunity to diseases, resulting in population declines of 50%-90% due to diseases like smallpox.

What were some diseases that impacted Native Americans during the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox, malaria, measles, and flu.

What animals and food were exchanged from East to West?

Pigs, cows, wheat, grapes, and horses.

What crops were introduced from West to East during the Columbian Exchange?

Cacao, maize, and potatoes.

How did agriculture and labor change as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

Initially, Europeans enslaved Native Americans, but when they escaped, they turned to enslaved laborers from Africa through the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.

What was the environmental impact of the Columbian Exchange?

European deforestation and soil depletion, along with increased strain on water supply and pollution due to denser populations.

What was the overall impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe?

It resulted in wealth for Europeans through the acquisition of resources and agricultural products.

What was the scale of the Columbian Exchange?

It was massive, involving extensive transfer of various life forms and diseases across continents.

What was one reason Europeans initially tried to use Native Americans for labor?

They sought labor for agriculture but faced challenges as Native Americans often escaped.

What role did the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade play in the Columbian Exchange?

It became a primary source of labor for European colonies after the failure to enslave Native Americans.

Portuguese trading post/Africa's Response

Trade with leaders; open & influence

Cultural borrowing in the Kingdom of Kongo

King Affonso converted to Christianity

Japan's response to imperial expansion

Tolerant of Christians at first; then shut country down from other religions

British imperial expansion

Drove French out of India; British East India Co. consolidated power there

Spanish imperial expansion

Toppled Aztec & Incan Empires; Portuguese are rivals

Treaty of Tordesillas

Settled disputes between Portugal and Spain

Coerced labor

Doing something against your will

Hacienda

Land holdings to conquistadors

Encomienda System

Labor system; control over natives; labor for protection etc.

Mita System

Borrowed from Inca; compel people to work; used for silver

Chattel Slavery

"Property" slavery; Atlantic Slave Trade and Middle Passage

Indentured Servitude

Work for certain amount of years and then become free

Mercantilism

Economic strategy where wealth is measured in gold & silver, aiming for a favorable balance of trade, with colonies existing to enrich the mother country.

Joint Stock Companies

Businesses financed by investors who share in the gains and losses, exemplified by the British & Dutch East India Companies.

Commercial Revolution

A period where goods are traded for gold/silver on a global scale.

Triangular Trade

Trade system involving manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and raw materials from the Americas to Europe.

Trade Monopolies

Market domination by a single entity, such as the Spanish monopoly over tobacco.

Continuity of the Traditional Regional Markets

Ongoing trade in goods like silk, cotton, wool, and linen.

Effects of the African Slave Trade

Cultural changes including the rise of polygyny, where men have more than one wife, and the introduction of maize & manioc to help restore population.

Syncretism

The blending of two beliefs into one, as seen in Voodoo/Vodun and Candomble.

Conflict due to religion

Religious tensions exemplified by the Sunni vs. Shi'a conflict, particularly between the Ottomans and Safavids.

What resistance did Portugal face during imperial expansion?

Queen Nzinga allied with the Dutch against Portugal.

What rebellion did the Cossacks lead against Catherine the Great?

The Pugachev Rebellion in 1774.

Who challenged the Mughal Empire and won?

The Maratha, in a conflict between Hindus and Muslims.

What was the Pueblo Revolt?

A resistance by Pueblo and Apache against conversions in the Americas.

What was Metacom's War?

A large-scale attempt by natives to rid lands of the British, which the British won.

What was the Stono Rebellion?

In 1739, 20 enslaved people in South Carolina attacked a warehouse, growing to 100 rebels, but were defeated by the British.

What is a social hierarchy?

A ranking of people by wealth and status.

What was the conflict in the Ottoman Empire's social hierarchy?

Conflict between the warrior aristocracy and ulama (religious leaders).

What role did Janissaries play in the Ottoman Empire?

They staged coups to overthrow the sultan.

What was the role of viziers in the Ottoman Empire?

They consolidated power due to poor sultans.

What happened to Jews expelled from Spain in 1492?

They found sanctuary in the Ottoman Empire.

What is Harem Politics?

Wives and concubines vying for power.

How were Han Chinese treated under the Qing Dynasty?

Government officials had to wear queues, and many were massacred against policies.

What was the conflict between royalty and nobility in Europe?

Absolutism clashed with nobles, exemplified by Louis XIV and Versailles.

What was the social hierarchy in Russia?

Boyars, merchants, peasants, and more serfs, with boyars and czars fighting for power.

What is the Casta System in the Americas?

A new hierarchy built on race and ancestry.

Who are Peninsularies (Top of the Casta System)?

People born in Europe.

Who are Criolles (2nd from the top of the Casta system)?

Europeans born in the Americas.

Who are Mestizos (Above Mulattoes)?

People of European and Indigenous descent.

Who are Mulattoes (Above Zambos)?

People of European and African descent.

Who are Zambos (Bottom of the Casta System)

People of Indigenous and African descent. Bottom of the Casta system