Physiology Final (exam and quiz questions)

The motor end plate refers to:

the area of a muscle that receives the neurotransmitter from a motor nerve

which band is unlikely to change size during contraction of a skeletal muscle?

A band

Calcium binds to ________ which begins the process of contraction in a Skeletal muscle

Troponin

The condition where skeletal muscle is in rigor or is unable to relax is due to lack of:

ATP

Which is unlikely to influence the force generated by skeletal muscle? A) number of previous contractions

B) rate of stimulation by a nerve.

C) Fiber length before contraction

D) All of the above are likely to impact force generated

D

The control of contraction in smooth muscle depends upon activating __________

Myosin

Cardiac output is equal to heart rate multiplied by

Stroke volume

Which is likely to increase stroke volume?

Increasing end diastolic volume

Mean arterial pressure may be approximated by taking:

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure

Outward force operating at a capillary is from

Blood pressure

Which is a likely cause of edema A) low blood pressure

B) high blood pressure

C) high plasma proteins

D) all are likely causes

B

Which type of cholesterol (HDL or LDL) is wanted in lower quantities?

LDL

As blood pH decreases from 7 to 5 the O2 dissociation curve will shift

To the left

as the temperature of blood decreases the O2 dissociation curve will shift

To the left

alveolar ventilation differs from total pulmonary ventilation by taking into account that

there is dead space air that is not fresh

as we increase in altitude from sea level to 5000 feet the percent of air that is O2 that we breath:

Remains the same

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure of the individual gases is a law named after

Dalton

The Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is approximately ___________ liters per day

180

Counter current exchange occurs in the _______________ and leads to________________

Vasa recta/ little to no change in the sodium of the medullary interstitium

Aldosterone when secreted in higher amounts causes us to:

reabsorb more sodium in the blood and lose less in the urine

Atrial natriuretic peptide or ANP causes us to:

lose more sodium in the urine

Why is it that a diabetic person's urine may contain sugar if the diabetes is not controlled?

The diabetics sugar transporters at the kidneys are overwhelmed and can't transport it all

The different cone types vary in that they:

respond to different wavelengths of light

which is not true of rods

The provide the most detailed vision

The control of smooth muscle depends upon activating

myosin

One repeating unit of the banding pattern in cardiac muscle is called a:

sarcomere

A major function of the the skeletal muscle transverse tubules is to

Rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber

The A band contains

thin and thick filaments

The g-actin monomer in skeletal muscle has a binding site for

Myosin

In which of the following is contraction controlled by somatic motor neurons?

skeletal muscle

Phosphocreatine is a backup energy molecule that can be used to help form___________________ in actively contracting skeletal muscle

ATP

Which of the following is a characteristic of slow-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle fibers?

Long contraction duration only

A motor unit is

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

which skeletal muscle fibers generate greater force?

Fast-twitch fibers

Smooth muscle cells lack which proteins?

troponin only

MLCK is_________________

a compound that phosphorylates myosin

which muscle types contractions is (are) considered to be impacted by hormones in the short term?

smooth

The contraction cycle of skeletal muscle is triggered by the calcium released from the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

when comparing complete tetanus with unfused (incomplete) tetanus, which is true?

Complete tetanus involves the development of maximum tension

which closes first after ventricular contraction occurs

The AV valves

which major blood circuit has the lowest pressure?

Pulmonic

______________ is composed of multiple globular molecules polymerized to form long chains or filaments

Actin

In order to force crossbridges to form in contracting skeletal muscles, calcium must

bind to troponin which moves tropomyosin

The most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that

transports blood away from the heart

The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to

ensure that blood flows in one direction

which parameters are associated with increased resistance

reduced flow

the term myogenic indicates that the heart muscle is the source of

the contractile force for pumping

the rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial cells is due to which ions?

Na+ only

during the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion is/are crossing the membrane

both Ca2+ and k+

A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts approximately

at least 200 miliseconds

the importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in

preventing tetanus

Iƒ or funny channels are permeable to

Na+ and K+

the AV node is important because it

delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting

in the condition known as complete heart block, what happens?

Electrical signals from the SA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles

electrical shock delivered externally to the heart is usually used to treat

Ventricular fibrilation

the QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to

ventricular depolarization

in electrocardiography, a lead is best described as a

pair of electrodes

during isovolumic phase of ventricular systole,

the atria contract

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

The ECG of a person suffering from complete heart block would show

a smaller QRS complex

Left ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in the aorta during

ventricular systole only

The blood pressure in a vessel is at 10 units at point A and 10 units at point B. Flow between those points has

stopped

The blood pressure in a vessel is 20 units at point A and 10 units at point B. One minute later the pressure is 15 units at point A and five units at point B. Flow between those points is

unchanged

You suck a thick "smoothie" through a 6-inch straw and through a 10-inch straw. Resistance is ________________________ in the 10-inch straw compared to the 6-inch straw

increased

it the total cross-sectional area of blood vessels in an organ increases, what happens to the velocity of blood through that organ?

Decreases

which is not considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

Regulation of pH balance

the actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

surfactant

when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

the volume of the thorax increases

air moves into the lungs because

the gas pressure in the lungs is less than the outside pressure

boyles law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure

in quiet breathing

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

active expiration is produced by contraction of

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

at a resting heart rate the ventricles spend most of their time

relaxing

the respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the

alveolar ventilation rate

the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

100 mm Hg

the lung pathology most likely to result rom certain kinds of heart disease is

pulmonary edema

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in the plasma as CO2 , you would have to

increase the partial pressure of oxygen

for maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs

the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature

the chloride shift occurs when

bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells

which is not likely to increase stroke volume

increased peripheral resistance

most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions

in the medulla oblongata. the____________________of neurons are the initiator of inspiration

pre-botzinger complex

if plasma proteins become very elevated it is

less likely that edema will occur

as we increase in altitude from sea level to 5000 feet the PO2 of air we breathe

decreases

blood pressure sounds due to turbulent flow are named the

korotkoff sounds

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the

pulse pressure

a very high heart rate is termed

tachycardia

the forces that operate at a capillary to move fluid are named the

starling forces

which ECG waveform is associated with atrial depolarization

P wave

Which ECG waveform is associated with ventricular repolarization

T wave

If blood pressure gets significantly higher it is

more likely edema may occur

blood flow to a tissue will increase if

pH drops in the local area

the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

the term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is the

cardiac output

according to Starling's law of the heart, the cardiac output will increase if

None of the above will make output go up

the medical term for a heart attack is

myocardial infarction

the symptom for having chest pain due to hypoxia is called

angina pectoris

the amount of filtrate entering the proximal tubules of the kidneys each minute is the

glomerular filtration rate