EDN: Near Drowning, Burns, Eye Injuries

STOP, DROP, AND ROLL

is the best way to put a fire out from the person

face, hands, genitals, skin over joints

What are the areas that are CRITICAL when burned?

Eye injuries

Can result from direct blow, foreign bodies, or inadvertent scratching of the eye

1. immediate pain

2. vision changes

3. redness

4. visible foreign material in the eye

assessment for eye injuries

Enucleation

the surgical removal of the entire eyeball, including its contents, leaving the surrounding tissues and muscles intact, often performed to treat conditions like eye cancer, severe trauma, or painful, blind eyes.

Enucleation

complete removal of the eyeball (globe) and its contents, including the lens, retina, and optic nerve, while preserving the surrounding tissues like the eyelids, muscles, and orbital structures. 

GLAUCOMA

is an optical emergency beside penetrating injury to the eye.

Acute closed-angle glaucoma

what type of glaucoma is A CLASS I EMERGENCY.

Near drowning

occurs when a person survives a drowning event but suffers respiratory impairment due to water aspiration.

drowning victim dead

near drowning still alive

difference of drowning and near drowning?

hypoxemia and acidosis

what is the 2 significant physiologic effect of near drowning?

hypoxemia

decreased oxygen in the blood

freshwater aspiration and saltwater aspiration

what are types of near drowning aspiration?

hypoxemia and acidosis

are the primary problems in the victims of near drowning

freshwater aspiration

changes in the character of the lung surfactant result in exudation of protein rich plasma in the alveoli, this happens in what type of near drowning aspiration?

freshwater aspiration

Which type of aspiration causes damage to lung surfactant leading to pulmonary edema?

damaged lung surfactant

what is the MAIN Etiology of freshwater aspiration?

saltwater aspiration

the hypertonicity of sea water exerts an osmotic force, which pulls

fluid from pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli

Intrapulmonary shunt that leads to hypoxemia

Saltwater aspiration can lead to what?

Intrapulmonary shunt

refers to blood flowing through the lungs without proper oxygenation, meaning some blood bypasses the gas exchange in the alveoli, leading to reduced arterial oxygen levels and potentially hypoxemia

Pneumonia

Particulate matter such as sand or mud, chemical irritants, gastric contents, that can be aspirated along water (example if you drown into dirty water rivers) may result in __________.

1. dry near drowning

2. wet near drowning

3. secondary near drowning

3 classification of near drowning

Dry near drowning

The victim suffocates without significant water entering the lungs, leading to severe hypoxia and cardiac arrest.

Heart rate

what vital signs is CRITICAL in Dry Near Drowning? due to vagal stimulation triggered by laryngospasm.

Vagal stimulation then Laryngospasm

dry near drowning what is the cause of drowning?

aspiration

wet near drowning what is the cause of drowning?

Wet Near drowning

the victim aspirates fluid and suffers asphyxia or secondary changes due to fluid aspiration.

Secondary Near Drowning

occurs when a drowning victim initially appears stable but later develops respiratory distress due to delayed pulmonary complications.

inflammatory reactions to the lungs

secondary near drowning what is the cause of drowning?

Aspiration pneumonia or Pulmonary Edema

what are complications that can be seen in 2ndary near drowning?

within minutes or 1—2 days after near-drowning accident

aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary edema within happens?

Substernal chest pain

What is the CHEST PAIN CALLED for Near drowning?

cough with pink frothy sputum

describe the cough characteristic of patient with near drowning?

shallow or gasping respirations, apnea

how is the respiration of patient with near drowning

laryngospasm or aspiration

When you do breath holding, there is no choice but to breathe. Either you drown by _____ or ______

Substernal chest pain

pain felt behind or below the sternum

hypercarbia, hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis

ABG results for near drowning?

abdominal distention

NGT used to decompress the stomach related to

Sodium Bicarbonate

since one of the primary problems in near drowning is acidosis, what is the management for that?

hypothermia, hypoxemia, acidosis

patients near drowning esp. in cold water is at risk for cardiac dysrhythmias, ECG may show it which is secondary to what? (3)

vagal stimulation

laryngospasm

Breath holding > _____ > _______ > Dry near drowning

urge to inhale

aspiration

Breath holding > _____ > _______ > Wet near drowning

inflammatory reactions to the lungs

injury to the surfactant function and alveocapillary membrane

Breath holding > _____ > _______ > 2ndary near drowning

hypoxemia and acidosis

cardiac arrest

All types of drowning leads to NO.1 problem which is _______ & _______ then leads to ____________ then death

not audible related to poor conduction of sound through cold tissues

how is the heart beat of the patient with near drowning that is due to hypothermia?

beyond 8 hours

Near-drowning victims rescued ________ are at HIGHER risk for pulmonary edema.

ABG

test for confirming hypoxemia and acidosis.

stabilize cervical spine

What should be done immediately after rescuing a near-drowning victim with suspected neck injury?

sodium bicarbonate

Used to correct metabolic acidosis due to lactic acid buildup

anaerobic metabolism

What is the primary cause of acidosis in near-drowning victims?