DEMOGRAPHY - FAMILY

In the year 1900 were more people emigrating or immigrating to the UK?

immigration

Which two groups were noticable immigrants pre WW2?

Irish people (for economic reasons) and Jewish people (fleeing persecution)

When was the start of the Windrush generation?

1948

Why were lots of immigrants from the commonwealth invited over post -WW2?

to fill labour shortages and to rebuild post ww2

How were the windrush generation recieved?

negatively, wih lots of racism and discrimination despite many of them being ww2 veterans

When was the EEc formed, when did the Uk join?

1957, 1973

What did the EEC allow?

greater freedom of movement for workers

What was the 1962 Commonwealth immigrants act?

commonwelath passport holders without Uk vouchers now need to apply for work vouchers

What was the 1968 update to the Commonwealth immigrants act?

commowelath citizens now free to live in the Uk if their parent or grandaprents had a british citizenship

Who did the 1968 update to the Commonwealth immigrants act impact?

non white commonwealth citizens

What did the 1971 immigration act do?

assistance to commonweath citizens who wished to be repatriated and replace work vouchers, permits allowing temporary residence

What was the ‘ten pound poms’ in 1945-1982?

British citizens encouraged to Australia, only had to pay 310 for an adult and kids went free but had to live in Australia for at least 2 years

How many immigrants to the Uk since 1968?

83,000

What occurs the same year as England joining the EEC?

oil crisis casued a recession, unemployment rose, miners strike in 1974, peak in British citizens leaving England this year

What was the 1980 ‘primary purpose role’?

foreign nationals who had married British citiznes now had to prove their reason for moving or were barred entry, abolished in 1997

When was the fall of the Berlin wall what was the impact?

1989, unified Germany who became an EEC member, increased immigrant out of Germany

What was the 1990 work permit system?

an attmept to recruit moe skilled people

What was introduced from 2000-2006?

removal of benefits, national asylum service created, new Visa tset, english test, citizenship exams, limitations to appeal systmes and a £2,000 fine to the employer for an ilegal employee

How did the 2008-9 economic recession impact migraton?

no of students with visas peaked at more than 300,000, Uk places restrictions on some countries members, lifted in 2014

When was the peak of British citizens leaving Britain?

1982

What acts were passed in 1976?

race relations act, equal opportunities for all

What was the 1988 immigration act?

workers with freedom of movment in the EEC dont need permisission to enter/remain in the UK

When is channel tunnel created?

1993

What was Maastricht treaty?

EU citizenships for all nationals of member states

What was the Hong Kong handover?

50,000 families granted British citizenship, 1990 British nationality act of 1990

What was the result of the further EU expansion in 2004?

an increase in the number of migrants, worker registration scheme is introduced

What was the stance towards migration in 2010-2015?

migration ambition, net migration higher than 100,000 for every years since 1988

What key 2016 decision changed the impact and extent of migration??

Brexit

What factors cause population decrease?

deaths and emigration?

What factors cause population increase?

births and immigration

What are the causes for the changing birth rate?

• Changes in women’s position​

• Decline in the infant mortality rate​

• Children are now an economic liability​

• Child centredness

What does Harper say about women and birth rates?

says that the education of women is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates.

What happens when a culture of low fertility occurs?

Once a pattern of low fertility lasts more than one generation, cultural norms about family size change, so smaller families become the norm and larger ones may be deemed less acceptable.

What are the medical causes for the changes in birth rates?

• improved housing and sanitation (flushing toilets, clean drinking water, improvements in sewage management) reduced infectious diseases​

• Better nutrition of both infants and mothers​

• Better understanding of hygiene, child health and welfare (often from women’s magazines)​

• A fall in the number of married women working​

• Improved services for mothers and children such as antenatal and postnatal clinics​

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When do infant mortality rates fall drastically?

first half of the 20th century

Harper and birth rate?

a fall in the IMR leads to a fall in birth rate because parents will try to replace the lost infants with new babies. If it is common for babies to die, parents may aim to have more children.​

Brass and Kabir and birth rate?

argue that the trend of smaller families began in urban areas, but it was in rural areas that the IMR first began to fall, meaning that it may not have been the most influential factor affecting the fall in birth rates.

What has happened to family size since 1900?

has decreased drastically

death rate in 1900 vs 2019?

In 1900 the death rate was 19 but by 2019 it was 9.1

Tranter and death rate?

¾ of the decline in the death rate between 1850 and 1970 was due to the fall in deaths from infectious diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, measles, typhoid, and importantly, tuberculosis. Most of the decline was seen in babies, children and young adults.

Mckeown and death rate?

increased resistance to infection & survival rates. However, he can’t explain why women got less food but lived longer, or why some infectious diseases (measles and infant diarrhoea) actually rose while nutrition improved.​

changes to life expectantcy since 1900 vs 2018?

• If you were born in 1900, males expected to live until 50 and females until 57​

• If you were born in 2018, males can expect to live until 87.6 and females until 90.2

Walker and death rate?

those living in the poorest areas die around 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas and those living in the North and Scotland have shorter lives than those in the South​

What factor has contributed to the death rate?

• Increasing life expectancy – people live longer​

• Declining infant mortality – very few people die very young​

• Declining fertility - fewer young people are being born in relation to older people in the population

Consequences of an ageing population?

• Increased spending on public services like healthcare, public transport and care-workers/ care-homes​

• More one-person pensioner households (singletons)​

• Increased dependency ratio – those of working age have to support a larger proportion of older people through paying for pensions, healthcare etc.​

• Political parties create policies that will appeal to older people to try to win their votes, as they are a large and powerful group – e.g. the triple lock protection on pensions​

• Sometimes, people living longer and being healthier for longer means they can support their family more, e.g. caring for grandchildren

Increase in non EU immigration?

increase in non-EU immigration in the 2023 was mainly driven by migrants coming for work (up to 33% from 23% in 2022)

Immigration and schooling

The largest contributor to non-EU immigration (39%) was study, which was largely unchanged compared with 2022; however, while historic evidence has shown that more than 80% of students typically left within 5 years,

Consequences in an increase in migration?

• Age structure – immigration lowers the average age of the UK population – directly as migrants are younger, and indirectly – as they are younger, they are more fertile and may produce more babies.​

• Dependency ratio:​

trends in global migration?

acceleration, differentiation and the feminism of migration.

acceleration in migration?

• – in 2010 there were 221 million migrants globally, but in 2019 there were 272 million​

• In the UK in 2023 net migration was 672, 000, whereas in 2019 it was 270,000​

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Vertovec, globalisation and differentiation?

says that globalisation has led to ‘super-diversity’ – migrants come from a huge range of countries, ethnic groups, cultures and religions​

Cohen and types of migrants?

citizens with full citizenship rights (e.g. voting, benefits)​

• Denizens – privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state (e.g. billionaire ‘oligarchs’ or high-status employees of multinational companies​

• Helots – the most exploited group – states and employers regard them as ‘disposable units of labour power’, a reserve army of labour. They have unskilled, poorly paid work and include illegally trafficked workers and those tied to particular employers like domestic servants.​

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What is the feminisation of migration?

This has been called the ‘globalisation of gender division of labour’, with female migrants fitting into patriarchal stereotypes such as carers, nannies and sex workers

Ehreneich and Hoschild and feminisation in globalisation?

observe that care, domestic and sex work in western countries are increasingly being done by women from poor countries.​

Reasons for Ehreneich and Hoschild and feminisation of globalisation?

• The expansion of service occupations in western countries​

• Western women have joined the labour force and are less willing or able to do domestic labour​

• Western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour​

• The failure of the state to provide adequate childcare