ANAT 5010 - unit 11

- superciliary arches

- lower border of the mandible

- ear to ear

what are the boundaries of the face?

- superciliary arches

- EOP and super nuchal lines

- zygomatic arches

what are the boundaries of the scalp?

glabella

smooth, hairless region between eyebrows

superciliary arches

"eyebrows"; bony ridge above the supraorbital margin

supraorbital margin and notch/foramen

sharp edge of the upper rim of the orbit; notch allows the nerves, arteries, and veins to pass to and from the orbit and face

medial and lateral canthi

corners of the eyes/palpebral fissure

nasal bones

forms bridge of the nose on the face

dorsum of the nose

long, sloping superior surface of the nose

apex of the nose

anterior end/tip of the dorsum of the nose

external nares

nostrils

septal and major alar cartilages

cartilage support for dorsum and apex of nose

infraorbital foramen

inferior to lower orbital margin; contains nerves, arteries, and veins of the same name

vermillion border

where skin of the face meets skin of the lips

labial commissure/angle

corners of the mouth

mental protuberance

midline anterior-projecting bump on the external mandible

mental foramen

on the anterior surface of the body of the mandible; contains nerve, artery, and vein of the same name

philtrum

vertical indentation between nose and mouth

- skin

- connective tissue

- aponeurosis (musculotendinous)

- loose areolar tissue

- pericranium

what are the layers of the scalp?

- occipital artery

- posterior auricular artery

- superficial temporal artery

what arteries to the scalp come from the external carotid artery?

ophthalmic artery in the orbit branches into the...

- supratrochlear artery

- supraorbital artery

what arteries to the scalp come from the internal carotid artery?

CN V (trigeminal nerve)

what provides sensory innervation to the scalp in front of the ears?

- VPR of C2 and C3 from cervical plexus

- DPR of C2 and C3 directly

what provides sensory innervation to the scalp behind the ears?

supraorbital nerves

CN V1 location on face

zygomaticotemporal nerves

CN V2 location on face

auriculotemporal nerves

CN V3 location on face

- ophthalmic (CN V1)

- maxillary (CN V2)

- mandibular (CN V3)

what are the three parts of the trigeminal nerve and what numbers correlate?

supraorbital foramen

where do the CN V1 fibers exit the skull?

infraorbital foramen

where do the CN V2 fibers exit the skull?

mental foramen

where do the CN V3 fibers exit the skull?

ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)

exits cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure; moves through the orbit to reach the upper face; has five terminal branches

- external nasal

- supratrochlear

- infratrochlear

- supraorbital

- lacrimal

what are the terminal branches of CN V1 on the face?

maxillary nerve (CN V2)

exits cranial cavity via the foramen rotundum; moves through the pterygopalatine fossa; has three terminal branches

- zygomatic-facial nerve

- zygomatic-temporal nerve

- infraorbital nerve

what are the terminal branches of CN V2 on the face?

mandibular nerve (CN V3)

exits cranial cavity via foramen ovale; courses through infratemporal fossa; has three terminal branches

- auriculotemporal nerve

- buccal nerve

- mental nerve

what are the terminal branches of CN V3 on the face?

corneal reflex

- protects and moistens the eye

- afferent limb - nasociliary nerve from CN V1

- efferent limb - blinks to close eye - facial nerve (CN V||)

how does the corneal reflex work?

ciliary ganglion

inside the orbit along the lateral side of CN 2; receives CN 3 and some branches of CN V1; target is pupillary constrictor muscle

pterygopalatine ganglion

housed in the pterygopalatine fossa in the deep midface; receives CN V||'s greater petrosal nerve; ANS fibers travel with CN V2 branches; target is the glandular mucosa of the nasal and oral cavities

otic ganglion

supported by CN V3 just inferior to foramen ovale; receives CN IX's lesser petrosal nerve; ANS fibers travel with CN V3's auriculotemporal nerve; target is parotid gland

submandibular ganglion

supported by CN V3's lingual nerve near back of mouth; receives CN V||'s chorda tympani nerve; target is submandibular and sublingual glands

insertion: skin near eyebrows; aponeurosis of scalp

action: elevates eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

what is the insertion and action of the occipitofrontalis?

insertion: skin around orbit margins, tarsal plates

action: closes eyelids

what is the insertion and action of the orbicularis oculi?

insertion: skin between supraorbital margins

action: draws eyebrow inferomedial, creates vertical wrinkles above nose

what is the insertion and action of the corrugator supercilli?

insertion: skin of lower forehead between eyebrows

action: depresses medial end of eyebrow, wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose

what is the insertion and action of the procerus?

insertion: major alar cartilage of the nose

action: depresses ala laterally, dilating anterior nasal aperture

what is the insertion and action of the nasalis?

insertion: mucous membrane of both lips

action: closes oral fissure; compresses and protrudes lips; resists distention of cheeks

what is the insertion and action of the orbicularis oris?

insertion: skin of upper lip

action: elevate upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus; alaque nasia portion aids in dilating nostrils

what is the insertion and action of the levator labii superioris (and alaque nasi part)?

insertion: skin of upper lip

action: elevate upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus; alaque nasia portion aids in dilating nostrils

what is the insertion and action of the zygomaticus minor?

insertion: angle of the mouth

action: elevate/retract upper lip

what is the insertion and action of the zygomaticus major?

insertion: angle of the mouth

action: presses cheek against teeth; aids in keeping food between teeth; resists distention

what is the insertion and action of the buccinator?

insertion: angle of the mouth

action: elevates corner of the mouth; widens oral fissure

what is the insertion and action of the levator anguli oris?

insertion: angle of the mouth

action: depresses/retracts angle of mouth

what is the insertion and action of the risorius?

insertion: angle of the mouth

action: depresses lower lip

what is the insertion and action of the depressor anguli oris?

insertion: skin of lower lip

action: depresses/everts lower lip

what is the insertion and action of the depressor labii inferioris?

insertion: skin of chin

action: elevates/protrudes lower lip; wrinkles skin of chin

what is the insertion and action of the mentalis?

insertion: inferior border of mandible; skin of the lower lip and cheeks

action: tenses skin of inferior face and neck

what is the insertion and action of the platysma?

internal auditory meatus; motor fibers exit through the stylomastoid foramen

where does CN V|| exit the cranial cavity? where do the motor fibers exit?

- temporal branch

- zygomatic branch

- buccal branches

- marginal mandibular branch

- cervical branch

what are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?

- inferior labial artery

- superior labial artery

- lateral nasal artery

- angular artery

what are the branches of the facial artery on the superficial face?

- starts at medial canthus

- angular veins forms at medial canthi

- runs posterior to the facial artery branches and receives the external nasal vein, superior labial vein, deep facial vein, and inferior labial vein to create the facial vein

- facial vein then crosses the mandible and forms the common facial vein by the union of the facial vein, submental vein, lingual vein, and anterior division of retromandibular vein

- then empties into the IJV

explain the route of venous return from the face

parotid fascia

thick, strong extension of the investing layer of DCF

buccopharyngeal fascia

covers buccinator muscle and extends posteriorly to cover the pharyngeal constrictor muscles

temporal fascia

strong fascia over the temporal fossa and muscle, attached to the superior temporal line above and to zygomatic arch below

parotid gland (and duct)

largest salivary gland; contained within the parotid sheath; emerges from the anterior border of the gland to cross the cheek superficial to the masseter; duct pierces the buccinator muscle to enter the mouth at the parotid papilla located near the second maxillary molars

- glossopharyngeal nerve contains parasympathetic motor fibers

- sympathetic fibers can reduce blood flow

- sensory innervation from CN V3 and C2-3 VPR

what innervates the parotid gland?