BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

Challenges with the creation of Pakistan

Main Challenges

• Boundary problem

• Mass refugees

• Princely states

• Resources

• Communal tensions

When did Jinnah die

1948

What were the problems with the Boundary Lines

• Led to the division of villages, towns, and fields → social and/or economic disruptions

• Many Muslim-majority places, and places with ties to the Muslim League, were in India

What was the problem which Hyderabad and what was the result

Leader

• Nizam (Muslim)

Majority

• Hindu

Problem

• Did not want to join India

• Asked for Hyderabad to have a sovereign reign (independence)

Result: Hyderabad was occupied by Indian military in 1948

What was the problem and result with Kashmir (After boundary making)

KashmirLeader

• Hari Singh (Hindu)

Majority

• Muslim

Problem

• Leader was unsure about joining Pakistan → rebellion among people

Result

• 1948: India and Pakistan battled / war for Kashmir (Kashmir War)

United Nations had them come to a ceasefire (same year)

What was the canal water dispute

(1948) India shut off water supply to Pakistan →(1960) Indus water treaty

Role of Jinnah as Governor General

🏛 Role of Jinnah as Governor General

Muhammad Ali Jinnah:

• Used Government of India Act 1935 until a new constitution

• Helped establish the State Bank of Pakistan in 1948

• Supported:

  • Democracy

  • Law

  • Minority rights

  • Education

Who presented the objectives resolution and what did it state

• Objectives Resolution was made by Liaquat Ali Khan in 1949

Main Aim / Idea

• Islamic ideas / principles

• Democracy

• Law

• Minority rights protection

factors of the Constitution of 1956

• Parliament

• Democracy

• Linguistic Diversity

• Rights and Freedom

• Government

Why is the leadership of Ayub Khan known as the “Decade of Development”

Policies Focused On:

• Industrialization

• Infrastructure development

• Modernization

• Economic expansion

Why was Ayub Khan Criticised

Criticism

• Focused more on West Pakistan over East

• Favored elites over common folk

Factors of Constitution of 1962

•  Presidential System of Government

• “One Unit” Scheme

  • Temporary removal of provincial boundaries

• Political Restrictions

  • Ban on political parties

• Bill of Rights

  • Fundamental rights and freedoms

What was the Indo-Pak war and when was it

India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir in 1965

Ended with the Tashkent Agreement

When was the PPP made and why

• Came in 1967

• Addressing social / economic issues

• Standing for common people

How did General Yahya Khan come into power after Ayub Khan

Military coup

How did the General Elections 1970 lead to a political crisis

• Awami League (East Pakistan) won

• Were denied power over both east/west by Ayub Khan

What led to the creation of Bangladesh (separation of East Pak)

Political crisis in 1970 → East Pakistan demanded independence and were backed up by India → Bangladesh was made in 1971

Significance of Ali Bhutto

Constitution of 1973

Factors of Constitution of 1973 (Know some)

Parliamentary Democracy

• Elected representatives could govern with authority

Federal Structure

• Provinces as their own administrative units

National Assembly and Senate

• Defined function / power and established officially

Local Governance

• Significant autonomy to provinces

Language Diversity

• Recognized multiple languages

Religious

• Using Islamic principles and punishment in law using advice of council of scholars

Bill of Rights

• Fundamental rights and freedoms

Justice and Law

• Supreme Court as highest court

Judicial Independence

• Court acts without external interference

Minorities

• Rights and representation

Amending the Constitution

• Specific procedure

State Objective

• Justice

What led to the end of Ali Bhutto’s leadership and who took over and how

Problems

• Faced political unrest and opposition

• Accused of rigging 1977 elections → led to protests

End

• Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq staged military coup → Bhutto’s presidency ended in 1977

What did Zia ul Haq do to enforce islam and what were the problems in him/his gov.

Policies

• Islamic policies

• Hudood Ordinances (Sharia law)

• Imposed Islamic punishments

• Edited textbooks to enforce Islam

Criticism

• His “nationalism” allowed behind-the-scenes corruption

• Used “Islamization” against whoever opposed him

What does Pakistan have to do with the Soviet - Afghanistan war

Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)

• Soviet attacked militariless Afghanistan

• US gave Afghanistan and Pakistan military weapons

• Pakistan had to train Afghan military

Result

• Led to Pakistan–US partnership

Who was Benazir Bhutto and why was she significant

Benazir Bhutto:

• Daughter of Ali Bhutto

• First female Prime Minister of a Muslim country

Policies

• Addressed social and economic challenges

• Supported rights of women

• Supported marginalized communities

Problems

• Accused of corruption

• Government taken down by President both times

What were the policies by Nawaz Sharif

Policies

• Industrialization

• Reconstruction programs

• Privatization → more employment opportunities

• Undoing Bhutto’s nationalization
  
  - Later focus on political framework

What was the significance of Nuclear Testing in Pak

• Pakistan declared itself a nuclear-armed state

• National sentiment as it was framed as an accomplishment

• Nuclear tests caused environmental damage and health issues in Balochistan

• Regional security dynamics: Pakistan and India focused excessively on military to get ahead of each other

What were the reforms of Pervez Musharraf and why did he face opposition (4th Martial war)

Reforms

• Economic / business freedom

• Women rights

• Education

• Lessened load-shedding times to 20–25 min/day

Opposition

• Faced opposition for siding with US in “War on Terror”

• People angry over military force in Red Mosque incident

Pakistan role in organizations

Part of Islamic and UN plans