AP Human Geography Unit 2 Study Guide

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

population clusters

a large number of people relatively close to each other; South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Northern Europe.

dependency ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

youth dependency ratio

there is a larger population under 15 compared to the working population

elderly dependency ratio

the number of persons aged 65 or older per 100 persons of working age

population pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

TFR (total fertility rate)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

CDR (Crude Death Rate)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

IMR (infant mortality rate)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

RNI (Rate of Natural Increase)

The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.

ZPG (Zero Population Growth)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

DTM (Demographic Transition Model)

The model displaying the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population. The decline of mortality usually precedes the decline in fertility, thus resulting in rapid population growth during the transition period.

antinatalist policies

seek to reduce birth rates and strongly encourage or require that women limit their fertility

pronatalist policies

government policies that encourage child birth such as tax breaks and flexible work hours

women's status

The degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at large

women's empowerment

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives

aging population

a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups

ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.

migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

origin

Where the person lived before they moved

emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

migration stream

A constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination

counterstream

The flow of all migrants in the direction opposite a particular migration stream, from its destination back to the origin

net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

push-pull theory of migration

Migrants may be pushed away by negative considerations in their place of origin and/or pulled by positive considerations to their destination.

push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

pull factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

voluntary migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

repatriated

send (someone) back to their own country

diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

international migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

guest worker

a person with temporary permission to work in another country

transnational migration

a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

internal/interregional migration

permanent movement from one region of a country to another (ex: moving to the south from the west coast)

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Great Migration

The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.