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Nucleus

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101 Terms

1

Nucleus

Controls cell

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2

Cytoplasm

Where the chemical reactions happen

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3

Mitochondria

Energy for the cell

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4

Chloroplasts

Helps photosynthesis

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5

Cell wall

Keeps cells structure

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6

Cell membrane

Protects cells from unwanted things

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7

Vacuole

Holds sap for cell

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8

Diffusion

From high concentration to low

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9

What are the two types of cells?

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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10

Plasmid

DNA molecule

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11

flagellum

tail for swimming

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12

ribosomes

make proteins

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13

What are the advantages of light microscopes?

can look at live specimens

is cheap

training isnt needed

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14

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

low resolutions

low magnification

needs stains

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15

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

view more organelles

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16

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

costs lots of money

specimens need to be in a vacuum

training is required

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17

resolution

smallest distance between two points

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18

magnification

the size of the object can be changed to make an image clearer

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19

What is protein synthesis?

the creation of protein by cells that use DNA and RNA

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20

What are the four bases in nucleotides?

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

Adenine

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21

What are the complementary base pairings?

c & g

a & t

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22

What is an enzyme?

biological catalyst

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23

What affects the enzymes rate of reaction?

Enzyme concentration

pH

substrate concentration

temperature

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24

What is anaerobic respiration?

Glucose — Lactic Acid

is in oxygen debt

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25

What is aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water

supply of oxygen

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26

What is cellular respiration?

an exothermic reaction that supplies ATP to cells

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27

What is lipids?

is made of 3 fatty acids and glycerol and is broken down by lipase

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28

What is protein?

A polymer made of amino acids broken down by protease

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29

What is a carbohydrate?

a polymer made of simple sugars broken down by amylase

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30

What is the formula of photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O

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31

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

temperature

light intensity

carbon dioxide concentration

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32

What is a limiting factor?

factors that limit photosynthesis

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33

What is a stem cell?

unspecialised cells capable of differentiation

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34

What are the stem cells in plants?

Meristem cells

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35

What are the stem cells in animals?

Adult stem cell (bone marrow) and Embryonic Stem Cells

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36

What are three specialised animal cells?

sperm cells

muscle cells

nerve cells

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37

What are three specialised plant cells?

root hair cells

xylem cells

phloem cells

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38

What happens in a cell during interphase?

DNA replicates, mitosis and cytokinesis

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39

What is active transport?

works against the concentration gradient and requires energy

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40

What is osmosis?

water moving from one area of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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41

What is diffusion?

particles moving from one area of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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42

What is blood made up of?

blood is made up of plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

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43

What is the names of the ways that blood travel to and from the heart?

veins, capillaries, arteries and blood vessels

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44

What do valves do in the heart?

to prevent backflow

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45

What is the process of a double circulatory system?

right ventricle to lungs, left ventricle to the rest of the body

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46

What are the main blood vessels of the heart?

pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, aorta, vena cava, coronary arteries

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47

What is transpiration?

water leaves the plants through stomata

xylem

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48

What is translocation?

the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant

phloem

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49

What are guard cells?

controls the opening and closing of the leaf

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50

What are root hair cells?

as a thin wall and adapts for exchange

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51

What are some exchange systems adaptations?

large surface area for gaseous exchange

thin membranes for fast diffusion

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52

What are the five main parts of the brain?

cerebrum

hypothalamus

cerebellum

pituitary gland

medulla

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53

cerebrum

personality and level of intelligence

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54

hypothalamus

regulating temperature and water

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55

cerebellum

choosing actions

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56

pituitary gland

release hormones

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57

medulla

blood pressure, heart and breathing rate

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58

What are the five main parts of the eye?

iris

cornea

lens

retina

optic nerve

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59

iris

controls the amount of light entering the eye by relaxing and contracting

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60

cornea

focuses light to the retina by refracting

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61

lens

refracts the light more

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62

retina

light sensitive layer containing receptors

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63

optic nerve

carries the messages of impulses from the brain and the eye

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64

What are the three main eye defects?

colour blindness

myopia (lens too curved)

hyperopia (lens too flat)

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65

What are the three types of neurons?

relay neurone

sensory neurone

motor neurone

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66

sensory neurone

recognises the stimulus

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67

motor neurone

takes the impulse to the effector

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68

relay neurone

takes the information between neurones

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69

What is a synapse?

the connector between the receptors

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70

What is the CNS?

The spinal cord and brain

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71

What is a receptor?

find the stimulus

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72

What is an effector?

creates a response

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73

What are the six main contraceptive methods?

the implant

barrier

the pill

abstinence

surgical methods

copper intrauterine device

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74

What are the secondary characteristics at puberty?

Ovaries which produce oestrogen and testes which produce testosterone

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75

What does the thyroid gland do?

controls the metabolic rate and is part of a feedback loop

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76

What do the adrenal glands do?

releases adrenaline which triggers a fight or flight response which can cause breath and heart rate to increase

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77

What are the process of IVF?

FSH is used to release oestrogen from a mature egg which is then fertilised and injected into a mothers uterus

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78

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

FSH matures an egg whilst progesterone and oestrogen maintains the lining of the uterus

LH is then released which causes the egg to be released

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79

What are the three main plant hormones?

auxins

gibberellins

ethene

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80

What does auxins do?

promotes tissue and root growth

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81

What do gibberellins do?

starts flowering and germination

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82

What does ethene do?

helps fruits to ripen

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83

phototropism

response to light

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84

gravitropism

response to gravity

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85

What happens when body temperature is too high?

glucose turns into glucagon

vasodilation

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86

What happens when the body temperature is too low?

hairs stand up

shivering

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87

What is blood glucose levels controlled by?

pancreas

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88

What happens when the blood glucose levels are too high?

insulin is released and glucose is turned into glycogen

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89

What happens when the blood glucose levels are too low?

glucagon is released and glycogen is turned into glucose

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90

What is type 1 diabetes?

the pancreas cannot create insulin so insulin injections are needed

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91

What is type 2 diabetes?

the cells cannot respond to insulin but can be combated with a healthy lifestyle

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92

What happens when the bloods water concentration decreases?

the cell shrinks

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93

What happens when the bloods water concentration increases?

the cell can burst

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94

What is the function of the kidney?

to filter the blood

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95

What is excreted from the kidney?

amino acids which are converted into urea

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96

What does the kidney act on?

ADH is released by the pituitary gland because of low water levels and allows more to be absorbed

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97

How does the kidney promote water loss?

sweating

salt loss

being more thirsty

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98

What is the test for sugars?

Benedicts blue to red (precipitate)

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99

What is the test for starch?

iodine yellow to blue-black

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100

What is the test for protein?

Biuret blue to lilac

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