Physiology Practice Q (videos+book)

Which of the following is the region of the eye containing the most color sensitive cells

foveal region

Opening of voltage gated potassium channels causes which of the following

repolarization

The principle function of rods is

dim light vision

Which of the following characterizes a relative refractory period

absence of excitability

An upper motor neuron lesion involved which of the following

cerebral cortex to anterior horn

Vital capacity of the lung can be described as all of the following EXCEPT

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Cyanosis is NOT caused by

increased arterial pressure

Storage of most of the calcium used in excitation of skeletal muscle is a function of what structure

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A-bands contain

actin and myosin

With respect to skeletal muscle, the physiologist would expect to find an inverse relationship between

load on the muscle and velocity of contraction

Calcitonin is secreted by

thyroid gland

A muscle contraction with no joint movement might best be described as an

isometric contraction

Indicate the function of the sodium pump

pumps sodium out of the intercellular spaces to the interstitial fluid

Uracil is found in

RNA

S2 heart sounds denote

closing of the semilunar valves

The universal blood recipient is

AB

The loop of henle is least permeable to what

water

In EKG tracing, which represents the maximum ventricular repolarization potential

T wave

The adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of all of the following EXCEPT

catecholamines

Synthesis, storage, and release of antibodies are primarily a function of

plasma cells

What causes the reabsorption of sodium from the distal convoluted tubule

aldosterone

Which have preganglionic sympathetic fibers

white rami communicans

Regular inspiration is controlled by

dorsal respiratory group

Secreted from the duodenum and upper jejunal mucosa and results in contraction of the gallbladder

CCK

Occurs between closure of AV valve and reopening of the AV valve

atrial diastole

Nerve conduction is fastest when there is

larger diameter

Mature or dead RBCs are filtered out by what organ

spleen

Which is not released due to digestion

ADH

What is the function of secretin

decrease gastric motility

What receptor is tonic

muscle spindles

Where is the macula densa located

distal convoluted tubule

What type of receptor is a pacinian corpuscle

mechanoreceptor

Residual volume + vital capacity

total lung capacity

Which is innervated by preganglionic sympathetics

adrenal medulla

Which is NOT a characteristic of pacinian corpuscles

detects temperature changes

Calcium absorption from the GI tract is increased by what vitamin

vitamin D

The structure which detects tension in a muscle tendon

golgi tendon organ

Hyperventilation produces

respiratory alkalosis

A supine, bedridden patient has a difficult time breathing and seems to be working hard to get the air in and out. What describes this condition

orthopnea

What is the origin of the impulse for the contraction of the myocardium

SA node

If the long thoracic nerve is destroyed, paralysis of the ____ would result

serratus anterior

Which is not a characteristic of cardiac muscle

tetanization

Under normal circumstances, the largest volume of blood is located in the

large veins

The supporting tissues of the CNS are

oligodendrocytes

Which of these is NOT and anticoagulant

accelerator globulin

Which of these is not secreted by the adrenal glands

adrenocorticotropic hormone

The production of RNA in the nucleus is called

transcription

What is the depolarization threshold

-50 mV

Repolarization means the inside membrane is

less positive (more negative)

Resting membrane potential is at

-90 mV

Most synapses occur via

axodendritic (axon → dendrite)

Excitatory neurotransmitters

norepinephrine, glutamate, nitric oxide

Spatial summation

many synapses single cell

Myelin is mostly made of ____. What B vitamin helps build myelin?

fat; B12 (cobalamin)

Corpuscles of Ruffini detect

temperature and pressure

Merkel’s discs detect

general touch (anterior spinothalamic tract)

NOT encapsulated

Grouped together = Iggo Dome Receptors

Meissner’s corpuscles detect

fine touch (dorsal columns)

Pacinian corpuscles characteristics

phasic receptor + quick adaptor

Muscle spindles detect

stretch (ONLY in skeletal muscle)

Sympathetic receptors and pre/post NT

adrenergic

short PRE = Ach

long POST = Epi and NE

Parasympathetic receptors

cholinergic

What is it termed when no action potential is possible

absolute refractory period

Renshaw cells in the spinal cord release

glycine

Calcarine fissure is associated with what sense

vision

Wernicke’s area is the _____ portion of language (superior temporal lobe)

receptive

What organ releases somatostatin (dec insulin & glucagon)

hypothalamus

Limbic system

emotional aspects of behavior

Inferior colliculi

coordinate head and trunk auditory stimuli

Pons contains

pneumotaxic and apneustic - breathing origin

Medulla regulates

heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

The SA node is innervated by

vagus N (CN X)

Ectopic focus

sinus node “dies” and AV node takes over

Sodium-potassium pump

3 Na OUT

2 K IN

What do arteries have that veins do not

muscles

What pulmonary vessel carries deoxygenated blood

pulmonary artery

ECG findings

P = atrial depolarization

QRS = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

T = ventricular repolarization

S1 sounds are caused by closing of

mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valves)

Hydrostatic pressure

force exerted by fluid against a wall

Diastolic murmurs

ARMS (aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis)

PRTS (pulmonic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis)

Frank-Starlings law

SV increases in response to increase in volume of blood filling the heart

Davis’ law

muscle will increase in size when used

Boyle’s law

inversely proportional relationship between absolute pressure and volume of a gas

Macrophages in the liver are known as

Kupffer cells

What form of iron do we absorb that requires vitamin C

Fe2+

ATPase attaches to what part of myosin

head

Tropomyosin

covers F actin’s binding sites

_____ is needed for smooth muscle contraction

calmodulin

H band contains

myosin only

I band contains

actin only

Isotonic contraction

muscle contracts with joint movement and constant weight

GFR is determined by

hydrostatic pressure

Angiotensin Story

angiotensinogen (liver) →

angiotensin I (JG cells release renin) →

angiotension II (ACE in lungs)

Angiotension constricts blood vessels and

directly increases BP

stimulates release of aldosterone

Bohr effect

CO2 enters blood stream, causes O2 to dissociate from hemoglobin

Haldane effect

CO2 combines with hemoglobin = more bicarbonate ions

Adenohypophysis develops from

Rathke’s pouch

Adrenal cortex mneumonics

zona glomerulosa (Great) - Salt

zona fasciculata (Fat) - Sugar

zona reticularis (Rats) - Sex

Cells of the stomach and their secretions

Chief cells - pepsinogen

G cells - gastrin

Parietal cells - HCl + IF

Decreased intrapleural pressure causes

inspiration

What is similar for smooth and skeletal muscle

calcium ions are crucial to contraction