Acid Base Salt

Metal + Acid

salt + H2

Carbonate + acid

CO2 + H2O + salt

Metal Oxide/ Metal Hydroxide

H2O + Salt

alkali + acid

H2O + Salt

alkali + ammonium salt

ammonia + H2O + Salt

Nitrates

all soluble

halides

soluble expect Pb Ag

Sulfate

Soluble except Pb Ba Ca

SPAN salts

all soluble

Carbonate

insoluble except SPA

Oxides

insoluble expect Na K Ba

hydroxides

insoluble except Na K Ba

Precipitation

Soluble salts make insoluble

1) 1 soluble salt with cations one with anions

2) stir till no mor precipitate forms

3) filter,wash,dry

Filtration

Acid + insoluble BCM make soluble

1) add excess BCM to warm dilute acid

2) stir

3) heat to point of saturation

4) test for saturation

5) cool filtrate for crystalisation

6) FWD

Titration of NaNO3

Soluble salts make soluble

1) burette with HNO3

2) Pipette 25.0cm3 of NaOH

3) Indicator

4) titrate

5) record how much HNO3 needed

6) repeat titration with no indicator (same volume)

7) heat to saturation, test

8) cool and crystalise

9) FWD

Test for Carbonate

add dilute acid, effevescence of CO2

Test for chloride

acidify with HNO3, add silver nitrate, white ppt

Test for iodide

acidify with HNO3, add silver nitrate, yellow ppt

Test for nitrate

add NaOH, aluminium foil, warm, ammonia produced

Test for sulfate

acidify with HNO3, add barium nitrate, white ppt

Test for Aluminium

NaOH: white ppt, soluble in excess

NH3: white ppt, insoluble in excess

Test for Calcium

NaOH: white ppt, insoluble in excess

NH3: no ppt

Test for ammonium

NaOH: ammonia produced on warming

NH3: nil

Test for copper

NaOH: light blue ppt, insoluble in excess

NH3: light blue ppt, soluble in excess, dark blue solution

Test for Fe2+

NaOH: green ppt, insoluble in excess

NH3: green ppt, insoluble in excess

Test for Fe3+

NaOH: red-brown ppt, insoluble

NH3: red-brown ppt, insoluble

Test for Zinc

NaOH: white ppt, soluble in excess

NH3: white ppt, soluble in excess

Salt containing Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, NH4+

white

CuSO4, CU(NO3)2

Blue

CuCl2, CuCO3, FeSO4, FE(NO3)2, FeCl2

Green

FeCl3

Brown

PbO

yellow when hot, red when cold

CuO

Black

ZnO

Yellow when hot, white when cold

PbCl2

white

PbI2

yellow