Speech Anatomy Module 1

Non-patholgoical structural anomalies

• Different from “normal” or “typical” structure

• Tons of variation across individuals

• Differences do not always indicate presence of a disorder

• Differences in structure do not always mean differences

Standard Anatomical position

• Body is standing erect with the feet together

or slightly apart

• face is directed forward

• arms are at the side and rotated outward

• palms facing forward

• thumbs are pointed away from the body

Axial Skeleton

• comprises the bones of the trunk and the head

• Consists of 80 bones: vertebral column, hyoid bone, skull bones, rib

cage, sternum, and the ossicles of the middle ear

Appendicular skeleton

• comprises bones of the limbs, pelvic girdles, and pectoral girdles

• Consists of 126 bones of the arms, legs, hips, and

shoulders

Sagittal / Vertical

• divides the body into right and left sides vertically.

• Median or midsagittal: if this plane courses down the middle of the body

• Longitudinal or parasagittal: if it divides the body into unequal

right and left sides

Frontal/coronal

• divides the body intoventral/anterior and dorsal/posterior

• longitudinal plane perpendicular to thetransverse plane

Transverse /

horizontal

• divides the body into upper and lower parts

• Perpendicular to the sagittal and coronal planes

• Often used to describe the location of parts of the body

in relation to one another

Superior or Rostral

Upper – toward head

Inferior or Caudal

lower— towards tail

Anterior or ventral

towards front—belly

posterior or dorsal

towards back

Supine

Lying flat on back

• Arms at sides

• Typically palms down

prone

Lying flat on stomach

• Arms at sides

• Typically palms up

DEEPER / TOWARD MIDLINE

Medial

• Internal

• Deep

• Central

• Endo

• Intrinsic

CLOSER TO SURFACE / AWAY

FROM MIDLINE

Lateral

• External

• Superficial

• Peripheral

• Ecto

• Extrinsic

proximal

Toward body or

root of extremity

Distal

Away from body or

root of extremity

bilateral

paired structures having a right

and left members

Unilateral

structure occurs only on one

side of the body.

Ipsilateral

refers to something occurring

on the same side of the body in relation to

another structure

Contralateral

refers to something

occurring on the opposite side of the body

in relation to something else

The respiratory system

• responsible for breath support during speech

• Organs: Pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi,

  lungs, and diaphragm

phonatory system

is responsible for voicing during

speech

articulatory/resonance

system changes the voice and

converts it to words that we

identify as speech

Skeletal system

provides structural

support and protection via bones,

ligaments, & cartilage

muscular system

is involved with

movement via the muscles, tendons,

and fascia that cover them

Circulatory or Cardiovascular system:

pumps blood and lymph through the body

• Moves oxygen and nutrients to cells and

removes carbon dioxide from the body

endocrine system

communicates by using hormones produced by the

thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands,

and endocrine glands

nervous

obtains, transfers, and processes information

Connective: cartilage

• Smooth elastic tissue

• Function is to protect the bones at the joints

• It also forms the structure of the ear, nose, rib

cage, and bronchial tubes

• Can be hyaline (gas-like), elastic (easily bent), or

fibrous

connective tissue: bone

• Part of thevertebrate skeleton

• The hardeststructure of the body

• Enables the body to have structure and provide the ability for the body to move

• Covered by a fibrous membrane called periosteum

• Deep layers of periosteum comprise osteoblasts that help with forming new bones when there are fracture

muscular tissue types

• Skeletal, Smooth, Cardia

• Muscles that permit movements are called

  prime movers (agonists) and muscles that

  provide stability are called fixators

  
  

M U S C U L A R T I S S U E : S K E L E TA L

( S T R I AT E D ) M U S C L E S

• Contract voluntarily because of messages that are received from the CNS

• Connected to the bones by tendons

• Groups of muscle fibers are called fasciculi (singular: fasciculus)

• Each muscle, in turn, is covered with fascia, which is dense connective tissue

• Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers are used for endurance activities

• Type II (fast twitch) muscles are used for sprint and intermediate activities

neurons

send and receive information

Glial cells

transmit nerve impulses, provide nutrients, support the

neuron, electrically insulate neurons, and remove dead neuron

ogliodendrocytes

• (in the CNS)

• create myelin (layers of a fatty substance that speeds signal transmissio

Schwann Cell

• PNS

• create myelin (layers of a fatty substance that speeds signal transmissio

gray matter

is found in the

brain, cerebellum, brainstem,

and spinal cord and is made of

neuron cell bodies

white matter

is made up of

myelinated axons that are

called tracts (CNS) or nerves

(PNS)

PNS

• Cranial nerves – 12 pairs, arise from

the brain and brainstem

• Spinal nerves – 31 pairs emerge from

the spinal cord

CNS

• brain

• spinal cord

• Flexion:

• Extension:

• Abduction:

• Adduction:

• Protraction:

• Retraction:

• Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones (e.g., bending your elbow).

• Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones (e.g., straightening your elbow).

• Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline of your body (e.g., raising your arm out to the side).

• Adduction: Moving a limb toward the midline of your body (e.g., lowering your arm back down).

• Protraction: Moving a body part forward or anteriorly (e.g., pushing your jaw or shoulders forward).

• Retraction: Moving a body part backward or posteriorly (e.g., pulling your shoulder blades together).

Cranial nerves

• send and receive messages from the head and neck

• 12 pairs of cranial nerves (meaning that there is

  one for the right side of the body and an analogous one for

  the left side of the body)

• 
  

  
  

spinal nerves

send and receive messages from the rest of the body

how are cranial nerves ordered?

Numbered by Roman numerals in the

order they synapse or connect to the

CNS superiorly to inferiorly; order they

exit the brainstem

OLFACTORY

(AFFERENT)

• I

• Sense of smell in the mucous

membranes of the nasal cavity

• Has a close relationship to

taste, eating, and swallowing

• Damage can affect a person’s

perception of taste

OPTIC

• II

Relays information about vision from

retinas toward brain

• The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) and proceeds medially and posteriorly to the optic chiasm and then the occipital lobe

• All visual information on the left side of each eye is sent to be processed in the right occipital lobe and vice versa

• Damage to the optic nerve or the optic tract negatively affects vision

• The visual fields that are lost depend on the location of the lesion along the optic tract or optic nerve

• Optic chiasm

the point at which the left and right optic nerves

come together

OCULOMOTOR

• III

• efferent

• Controls the movements of the eyes

• Controls how the eye reacts to light and adducting/abducting the eyelids

• general somatic efferent (GSE): innervates extrinsic ocular muscles

• Controls moving eyes up & out; down & out; or inward

• general visceral efferent (GVE): innervates intrinsic ocular muscles

• Controls focus and reflexes of pupils

TROCHLEAR

• IV

• (EFFERENT)

• moves eyes down

• lesion could affect persons ability to turn eyes down and out

TRIGEMINAL

• V

• both (afferent and efferent)

• One of the most important cranial nerves for speech

• Has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

• Sensory: controls sense of touch on the

face

• Motor: innervates most of the muscles for mastication

(chewing)

• 2/3 of tongue

Abducens

• VI

• efferent

• innervates muscles that abduct the eye

• Damage here could cause diplopia (double vision) because the eyes would rotate medially

facial

• VII

• both (efferent and afferent

  • Important for speech

  production

  • Communicates with other

  cranial nerves such as the

  acoustic, trigeminal, vagus,

  glossopharyngeal, and even

  some cervical nerves

  • Has four branches

  • Sensory: transmits taste

  from the anterior two-thirds

  of the tongue to the CNS

  • Motor: innervates muscles of

  the face

  
  

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

• VIII

• afferent

• Also known as the auditory

  nerve

  • Has two branches

  • Cochlear branch: Transmits

  sound from the cochlea to the

  brainstem

  • Vestibular branch: Transmits

  information from the vestibular

  system for spatial orientation

  and balance

  
  

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

• IX

• (AFFERENT – EFFERENT

  • Has multiple branches

  • Some branches important

  for speech

  • Sensory: transmits taste,

  temperature, touch & pain from

  the posterior one-third of the

  tongue and from a portion of the

  soft palate

  • Motor: Innervates the superior

  muscles of the pharynx

  (swallowing) and the parotid gland

  (saliva production)

  • Damage to this nerve would lead a

  person to lose all sensation on

  the posterior 1/3 of the tongu

Vagus

• X

• both (efferent and afferent)

• Largest cranial nerve

• Most important cranial nerve for SLPs

• A long and complex nerve

• Has many branches, not all relevant to speech

• Sensory: info from the inside of the larynx

• Motor: innervates the

muscles of the soft palate,

pharynx, and larynx

Accessory nerve

• XI

• efferent

• Spinal component responsible for innervating muscles of the shoulders and neck

  • Trapezius

  • Sternocleidomastoid

Cranial component works alongside the vagus (as an

accessory) and shares functions with the vagus

• Innervates muscles used for raising the velum

• Innervates the uvula CN XI’s cranial component is functionally distinct from the vagus but still poorly understood.

Hypoglossal

• XII

• efferent

• Innervates all intrinsic and most extrinsic muscles of the tongue

• Intrinsic muscles (body of tongue) used for fine motor movements of articulation

• Extrinsic muscles used for gross motor movements for mastication and swallowing

• Innervates some muscles of the neck

Phrenic

• bonus

• spinal nerve

• Responsible for

  innervating many of the

  muscles of respiration

  • Damage to the phrenic

  nerve can cause issues

  with breath support for

  speech