MAME Exam 1

Circular, in the cytoplasm of the cell, with lengths ranging from 1 to 6 million bp

Prokaryote chromosomes are...

circular or linear?

in nucleus or cytoplasm?

and what length in bp?

Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, and Si

what elements are highly enriched in the lithosphere?

Great plate anomaly

This phrase ______ refers to the fact that the majority of aquatic bacteria will not grow well under standard microbiology laboratory conditions, neither in rich liquid media nor on agar plates with nutrient-rich media

primary production (carbon fixation)

Approximately or slightly greater than 50% of the global _____ is performed by phytoplankton

Capacity to perform photosynthesis (performing primary production)

Microzooplankton vs Microphytoplankton differ primarily in this way ______

temperature in C

Which environmental parameter is the proper X-axis label for the figure including psychrophile, mesophile, thermophile, and hyperthermophile?

smaller than

Generally, natural bacteria in the environment are larger, smaller, or same sie as the bacteria in mammalian

guts?

1 x 10^4 cyanobacteria per mL

On average, in a milliliter of seawater, there are approximately 1 million (1 x 10^6)

heterotrophic bacteria, as shown below in Figure 1.8 with extra grid lines drawn in.

According to the graph shown, the average density of cyanobacteria is approximately

____ (per mL)

Iron Fe

Which micronutrient (trace biogenic element) is very important for all types of cells,

including phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria? This element is needed for electron

transfer (redox) reactions in both respiration and photosynthesis. Hint, the pH of the

water may affect its solubility

more slowly than

Most of the bacteria in the oceans grow more slowly, faster, or same as how human pathogen bacteria grow

primary production

Approximately or slightly greater than 50% of the global _____ is performed by oceanic

phytoplankton.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE? Most oceanic microbial processes are studied by examining numbers of cells

growing on agar, colony appearance on agar and the appearance of cells viewed microscopically

Sequencing 16S rRNA genes from environmental DNA samples

The ~early 1980's discovery of Archaea as the third domain of life, was via the use of __________

Sequences of the 16S rRNA genes in chloroplasts are similar to sequences of cyanobacteria 16S rRNA genes.

Lynn Margulis proposed the endosymbiosis hypothesis that organelles of eukaryotic cells were

once prokaryotes. What evidence supports this hypothesis?

Great Plate Anomaly

This phrase ______ refers to the fact that the majority of natural aquatic bacteria will not grow in

or on nutrient-rich media in the lab.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE? Different types of bacteria can have widely different generation times, ranging

from as little as 20 minutes to 2 days.

Capacity to perform photosynthesis (performing primary production)

Microzooplankton vs Microphytoplankton differ primarily in this way _____.

Having a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cell

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes differ primarily in this way _____

Estimate growth rates from genome codon redundancies

Without growing them in the lab, how do we measure growth rates of oceanic bacteria? (Hint, this

was discussed in one of the Frontiers "Kids" articles.

mutualism

Which phrase best describes the relationship between a population of Vibrio fischeri (the

bioluminescence-producing bacteria) and a Hawaiian bobtail squid?

pH

Which environmental parameter is the proper X-axis label for the figure below?

~0.2 m to ~1.0 m

Marine bacteria range in size from _______

eukaryotes

Corals, and hence coral reefs, are highly dependent on symbioses with photosynthetic microbes

called zooxanthellae that produce oxygen, remove wastes, and produce food for the coral. These

symbionts are ____

Mineralization of organic material back to its inorganic constituents

hown below is equation #2.1 in Ch 2 of the book. The reaction proceeding left to right is primary

production, while the opposite reaction (CH2O to CO2) is _________

1 x 10^2

See below, Fig. 1.8 with grid lines drawn in. On average, in a milliliter of seawater, there are

approximately 1 million (1 x 10^6) bacteria. According to the graph, in that same drop of

seawater, there would be approximately

____ protists per mL

Silicon (si)

Which element is a trace biogenic element (micronutrient) that is important for diatoms but not

necessarily important for other types of phytoplankton?

CO2

Which compound or molecule in the basic photosynthesis/respiration equation is categorized as

DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon)?

C, H, N, O, P and S

Which list of elements below are the major biogenic elements, essential for the composition of

macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids?

Primary production rates exceed respiration rates

Refer to the graph above. At the time when the average seawater oxygen concentration is highest

(~16:00), which of these statements is TRUE?

natural bacterium

Which of the bacteria shown in the drawing below has a larger surface to volume ratio, making it

more efficient at taking up organic material?

Amino acids, free nucleotides and simple sugars

Assume the operational definition of "dissolved" would include proper use of GF/F filters (0.6 mm

pore size) as described in Chapter 3. Examples of dissolved organic material (DOM) would then

include ___

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE? Quorum sensing is important for cell-to-cell communication in the formation of

a mature biofilm as shown in the drawing below. Hint, quorum sensing is also important for turning

on the Vibrio fischeri genes encoding proteins needed to create bioluminescence in the squid light

organ

fast-growing cells

Ribosomes are most abundant in ______

106 C : 16 N : 1 P

The Redfield Ratio is _____, which gives the basic atomic ratios in the elements of inorganic

nutrients in seawater and in the elements making up the biomass of marine plankton

1 or 2

The general biochemical composition of a "typical" rapidly-growing bacterial cell includes >1,000

unique protein molecules, 400 unique mRNA molecules, and ____ molecule(s) of DNA.

acidophile

The definition of an organism that grows best in low pH (<5) is...

protein production (translation)

The image below shows a ribosome, which is composed of several types of ribosomal RNA

(rRNA) molecules and several different proteins. Ribosomes are used in which cellular process?

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE? All bacteria in the marine environment are always actively growing and

metabolizing

Cyanobacteria (prokaryotes) AND microalgae (eukaryotes)

Marine organisms responsible for the majority of 1o P in the oceans are __

Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus

Two representative genera of the photolithoautotrophic prokaryotes, commonly called

"cyanobacteria," are _____

prokaryotes

Are Prochlorococcus prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

heterotroph

an organism that cannot produce its own food

(i.e. a secondary producer)

autotroph

an organism that can produce its own food (i.e. a

primary producer)

prokaryote

organisms (cells) lacking a nucleus and other

membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria or

choroplasts

eukaryote

organisms whose cells package their DNA

genomes in membrane-bound nucleus and also

contain other membrane-bound organelles like

mitochondria or choroplasts

biofilm

an assemblage of microbial cells that is associated

with a surface and enclosed in a matrix of

primarily polysaccharide material

9.3×10^8 CFU per gram

The number of bacteria in a soil sample was estimated by placing 1 gram of soil into10 ml of buffered water, which was then diluted 1000-fold and then again by 1000-fold.One ml of the final dilution was placed onto an agar plate. After incubation, 93 coloniesappeared on the plate. How many bacteria per gram were in the sample?

Gram-positive bacteria

Thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram-negative bacteria

Thin peptidoglycan layer + outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides.

Circular, in the cytoplasm of the cell, with lengths ranging from 1 to 6 million bp

prokaryote chromosomes are....?

thickness of the peptidoglycan layer

What is the structural difference between gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

eukaryotes

Which type of organisms have linear chromosomes?

chromosomes

Unit of organization in eukaryotic DNA;humans have 23 pairs of?

allele

Alternate forms of a gene

gene

A segment of DNA that codes for theproduction of a particular protein

fungi

Cell wall composition can help us tell different groups of organisms apart. Whichgroup of organisms listed below has chitin as a unique cell wall component?

less than

The abundance (cells per mL of seawater) of large zooplankton is ______ the abundanceof bacteria in seawater.

sensor

In oceanography and marine microbial ecology, we use several different types ofinstruments and collection devices while at sea (in the field). A ______ is an object withelectronic components that records signals generated from the environment around it

false

T/F

All types of marine bacteria grow at the same rate

gene

A(n) ____________ is a stretch of DNA sequence that encodes a protein

more slowly than

Most of the bacteria in the oceans grow ______ how human pathogen bacteria grow

mutualism

term for coral's relationship with zooxanthellae; each benefit from the relationship

eukaryotes

are zooxanthellae eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Is circular and resides in the cytoplasm

Usually, oceanic bacteria contain a single chromosome. This chromosome _____

DNA replication

In prokaryotes, vertical gene transfer, and transfer of genetic variation to descendants insubsequent generations, is via binary fission. Mistakes in _______ results in inheritance ofgenetic variation during vertical gene transfer.

photoautotrophs

A large reservoir of global carbon is in DOC, dissolved organic carbon. Natural fluxes of DOCare driven by the draw-down of CO2 by _______ and the release of CO2 by heterotrophs

False

True or False? All photoautotrophy in the oceans is performed by eukaryotic microorganisms.

CO2 + H2 O + Light CH2 O + O2 , Rubisco

Fixing carbon is summarized by this equation _____ and requires this enzyme __

cyanobacteria

For which group of microbes is this sentence true? Although they make up only about 1% ofthe total global biomass, they are responsible for producing >25-30% of annual globalcarbon fixation

dark

To measure rates of heterotrophic respiration, you can estimate it by measuring changes inoxygen concentration by incubation in the ______ for a period of time

2700

The genome of one species of Prochlorococcus is 2.7 Mbp. Approximately how many genes do you think are encoded on this genome?

2 days

Doubling time (generation time) is vastly different between oligotrophic heterotrophic bacteria and copiotrophic heterotrophic bacteria. Which one is likely to be associated with a typical doubling time for a bacterium in the SAR11 clade?

genome

_____ is the collection of all genes within an organism's cell, includingprotein-encoding genes as well as the genes encoding the RNA molecules important for translation(e.g. rRNA, tRNA)

enzymes

_____ are encoded by genes. They are important forheterotrophic bacteria in carrying out hydrolysis of various compounds