Ecology and Evolution - Exam 4

Speciation

How new species arise

Taxonomy

Practice of naming and classifying organisms

_________ is the 2 part name

Binomen

2 types of epithet

1. Generic

2. Specific

Lineaus is often called the…

Father of taxonomy

Lineaus is responsible for…

Developing the idea of a scientific hierarchy

What is the modern taxonomic hierarchy?

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Humans domain:

Eukarya

Humans kingdom:

Animalia

Humans class:

Chordata

Humans order:

Primates (a)

Humans family:

Hominidae

Humans genus:

Homo

Humans species:

Homo Sapiens

Species concepts

Idea of what a species is

4 species concepts

1. Morphological

2. Biological

3. Ecological

4. Phylogenetic

Morphological species concepts

• Group of individuals that look alike

Biological species concepts

• Group that potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Ecological species concepts

• Group adapted to a particular niche

Phylogenetic species concepts

• Group that shares a common ancestor

Speciation

Splitting of a single population into 2 or more distinct populations

Speciation can be caused by…

Isolation and Divergence

Isolation can be…

Geographic or niche

Geographic isolation is caused by…

The population getting physically separated by a barrier like a mountain, river, glacier, or distance.
This causes them to not be able to mate, and diverge over time.

Niche isolation is caused by…

The populations live in the same area, but they become isolated by using different niches or resources.

Divergence can occur ______ isolation

After

Divergence is caused by _______

Mutations

Accumulation of many mutations over many generations, leads to ________ difference over generations.

Increasing

Geographic isolation is an also called _______ _______

Allopatric speciation

Niche isolation is also called _______ _______

Sympatric speciation

Types of reproduction barriers

1. Prezygotic

2. Postzygotic

3. Extrinsic/exogenous

4. Intrinsic/endogenous

What is prezygotic?

BEFORE zygote formation

What is postzygotic?

AFTER zygote formation

Examples of prezygotic barriers

• Courtship differences

• Incompatible organs or gametes

Examples of postzygotic barriers

• Infertility

What are extrinsic/exogenous barriers?

Inhability to reproduce due to external environment

What are intrinsic/endogenous barriers?

Inability to reproduce due to internal factors

What is a hybrid zone?

A zone between 2 population where they overlap

When do hybrid zones form?

When prezygotic barriers are absent

What is phylogenetics?

Field of study that uncovers patterns of relationships among species

What do the different structures on a phylogenetic tree represent?

Lineage - A line of descent

Nodes - Shows common ancestors