Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

This collection of flashcards covers key vocabulary terms related to the functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including definitions and important characteristics.

Prokaryote

An organism characterized by the absence of a distinct nucleus and other organelles, typically having a single circular chromosome.

Eukaryote

An organism whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, containing paired linear chromosomes.

Glycocalyx

A gelatinous layer surrounding the cell wall, used for adherence, preventing phagocytosis, and dehydration.

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures that aid in bacterial motility.

Fimbriae

Short, hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria that assist in adherence.

Pili

Hair-like structures used by bacteria for attachment and genetic transfer.

Peptidoglycan

A polymer that forms the cell wall of many bacteria, consisting of sugars and amino acids.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain used in Gram staining, characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain and are characterized by a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Endospores

Highly resistant structures formed by certain bacteria to survive harsh conditions.

Sporulation

The process of endospore formation, allowing bacteria to endure extreme environmental conditions.