ib psych sl studies

Loftus: Uses

Reconstructive memory: False memory

Gohar: Uses

Working Memory Model

Wade et al: Uses

Reconstructive memory: False memory

HM: Uses

Multi-Store Memory Model, Localization w/ Hippocampus

Neisser and Harsch: Uses

Flashbulb memory: reliability of memory, Emotion on Cognition

HM: Aim

To better understand the effects that the surgery had on HM

Gohar et al: Aim

To measure the effects of call rotations on sleep-wake times and Working Memory Capacity in internal medicine residents

Loftus: Aim

To determine if false memories of autobiographical events can be created through the power of suggestion

Wade et al: Aim

to investigate whether exposure to altered photographs can lead to false memories

Neisser: Aim

To investigate participants’ memory of the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion

Neisser and Harsch: Procedure

. In this study, researchers challenged the accuracy of people's memories by asking them to recall details about the Challenger space shuttle disaster that occurred in 1986. Participants were asked to write down their recollections immediately after the event and then again two and a half years later.

Wade et al: Procedure

Participants were interviewed about 4 pictures three times over a 2 week period. 3 pictures were real photographs of experiences and one was fake: the subject riding in a hot air balloon

Loftus: Procedures

Participants’ relatives were interviewed about 3 real childhood memories of the participants then asked if they remembered a time when the pt was lost in the mall. The patients later received a questionnaire asking them to write about 4 memories and then return it. Then pt were interviewed twice about the 4 memories and asked to rate their confidence in their recollections.

HM: Procedure

Case study that used triangulation: IQ testing was given to HM, Direct observation, Interviews with HM, and Cognitive testing/ learning tasks.

HM: Results

HM Could not acquire new episodic knowledge nor semantic. He had a short term capacity however after 15 min we would forget it. He still maintained his procedural memories though.

HM: Conclusion

The study shows that short term and long term memory are two distinct stores and after having his hippocampus removed, his short term and pre-surgery long term memories stayed intact however he could not create new long term memories.

Gohar et al: Results

Residents completing the study had less sleep per night during their call month. Call rotation causes a greater self-reported sleepiness and lower MWC recall and more math errors when on call.

Gohar et al: Conclusion

During residents’ call month, pts had less sleep which adversely affected WMC and could be used to explain impaired judgement

Gohar et al: Procedures

during a 2 month period, pts wore actigraphy watches, logged in their sleep and completed WMC recall tests.

Loftus: Results

About 25% recalled a false memory however they ranked them less confidently than the other memories and wrote less about them.

Loftus: Conclusion

People can be led to believe that entire events happened to them after suggestions to that effect.

Wade et al: Results

Subjects recalled about 95% of the real memories by interview 3 however by interview 3 50% of the subjects recalled the false memory.

Wade et al: Conclusion

Results show that false photographs, like false narratives, can produce false memories of childhood experiences.

Neisser and Harsch: Results

Pt’s confidence about the correctness of their memory was high , however the consistency between the responses given 3 years apart was low. They couldn’t explain discrepancies in the answers, but they were extremely surprised when shown the two questionnaires.

Neisser and Harsch: Conclusion

We can have a very vivid and detailed memory about something, while not being completely accurate about the actual situations

Chiu (1972): Uses

Culture influences on cognition & behavior, cultural origin, cultural groups, cultural dimensions, enculturation

Chiu (1972): Aim

To carry out a cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in US and Chinese Students.

Chiu (1972): Procedure

A 28-item cognitive test was used where for each item there was three pictures shown and the pt had to pick which one did not belong.

Chiu (1972): Results

The US students scored much higher in an analytical sense where cow and chicken went together because they were both animals whereas the Chinese scored much higher in the contextual sense where cow is to grass because cow eats grass.

Chiu (1972): Conclusion

Chinese students group things holistically, basing grouping on relationships or symbiosis whereas the US grouped things analytically using abstract groups.

Berry and Katz (1967): What did it study

Culture influences on cognition & behavior, cultural origin, cultural groups, cultural dimensions, enculturation, conformity

Berry and Katz (1967): Aim

To investigate whether cultural differences in individualism vs collectivism affect conformity.

Berry and Katz (1967): Procedure

The researchers measured conformity through an Asch paradigm. Pts were asked to identity which line is the same length as the target however they are told that majority (either the Tenme or the Inuits) picked another line that was not the answer.

Berry and Katz (1967): Results

The tenme were much more likely to go along with the majority whereas the inuits were mostly unaffected by the suggestion.

Berry and Katz (1967): Conclusion

The more individualistic Inuits were less likely to conform than the collectivist Tenme because conformity was a group norm engrained into Tenme society.

Shah et al (2015): Uses

Acculturation

Shah et al: Aim

To study the association between acculturation and obesity.

Shah et al: Procedures

Pts participated in an interviewer led WHO STEPS questionnaire and BMI was calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for being obese and to asses the relationship between years of residency and obesity.

Shah et al: Results

Migrant workers in the UAE had a significantly higher BMI than the comparison group. The longer they stayed in the UAE, the higher their BMI became.

Shah et al: Conclusion

Acculturation may contribute to unhealthy eating behaviors, resulting in obesity and being overweight. This may be explained by the fact that migrants moving into another culture may begin to develop more unhealthy eating behaviors than they would’ve in their native culture.

Ishizawa and Jones (2016): Uses

Acculturation

Ishizawa and Jones: Aim

To compare the rates of obesity in 2nd and 3rd generation asian immigrants in the US and identify possible moderating factors for developing obesity.

Ishizawa and Jones: Procedure

Researchers used the Nation Longitudinal study of Health, to study a group of adolescents from 1994-2009, predicting a relationship of BMI to neighborhood characteristics, length of residency, etc. (social determinants of health).

Ishizawa and Jones: Results

2nd and 3rd generation migrants have a higher likelihood of obesity than 1st generation ones or people from their country of origin. However moderating factors were original language retention and neighborhoods that have a high migrant density.

Ishizawa and Jones: Conclusion

Retaining ties to original culture can serve as a protective factor from developing obesity in migrants.

Scheele et al (2012): Uses

Hormones

Ronay and von Hippel (2010): What did it study?

Hormones

Scheele et al (2012): Aim

to investigate the role of oxytocin in promoting fidelity in humans.

Scheele et al: Procedures

86 Heterosexual men (some in relationships and some single), oxytocin or placebo administered intranasally. Pts were given two tasks: they were asked to walk towards an attractive female until they felt uncomfortable and were shown series of photos with 4 types- positive social picture (pretty lady), positive non-social picture (landscape), Negative social pictures (gore), negative non-social pictures (dirt) and then were asked to pull a joystick if they liked the pic, push if they did not.

Scheele et al: Results

Stop distance paradigm: oxytocin caused only taken men to keep greater distance from attractive female.

Approach/avoidance task showed only that pos. social pic (pretty lady) was affected my oxytocin.

Scheel et al: Conclusion

Oxytocin causes men in a relationship to keep a greater distance from attractive women who are not their partner, thus promotes fidelity.

Ronay and Von Hippel (2010): Aim

To determine if men would take greater risk in the presence of an attractive female than in the presence of a man. Additionally investigating whether testosterone played a role in this behavior.

Ronay and Von Hippel: Procedures

Field experiment: 1 group with a man, 1 group with a woman. Pts were asked to complete an easy trick (one they could complete on most attempts) and one difficult trick (one they could only land half of the time). They were asked to do each trick 10 times while being videoed by the male. Then they were asked to do those tricks again but this time in front of a man or an attractive female. Pts also had saliva samples collected as well.

Ronay and Von Hippel: Results

Pts bailed less on their tricks in front of the female and also showed increased testosterone levels when in front of her.

Ronay and Von Hippel: Conclusion

This study shows that young men partake in greater risk taking behaviors when in the presence of an attractive woman and that increase the testosterone in their body. This may be a hormonally fueled advertisement to potential mates of vigor and health/fitness.

Townsend: Uses

Schema

Townsend: Aim

To investigate the impact of inappropriate context on the comprehension of a prose passage.

Townsend: Procedures

Participants listened to two ambiguous passages about familiar topics (“Making Toast” and “Making a Kite”) under one of four context conditions. The passages were constructed such that they did not explicitly mention the topic. Half of the students were given appropriate contextual information about the passages either just before or just after hearing the passages. The remaining students either received no contextual information or received inappropriate contextual information about the passages. Audiotape recordings were made of an adult female reading the passages at approximately two words per second with normal pauses between sentences. Following an interpolated activity (nonverbal math problems), participants were asked to recall passage information.

Townsend: Results

Recall of the passage information was significantly lower for those subjects who were not able to activate an appropriate schema at the time of acquisition of the material. Students given inappropriate contextual information recalled less material than students given no contextual information.

Townsend: Conclusion

A meaningful prose text can remain relatively incomprehensible when a context does not activate an appropriate schema at the time of acquisition of the title. High levels of comprehension depend on relevant schema being engaged. The activation of inappropriate schema is more debilitating to comprehension than providing no contextual information at all.

Sharot: Uses

Flashbulb Memory, Emotion & Cognition, Technique (fMRI)

Sharot: Aim

To investigate the neural mechanism of flashbulb memory by comparing the brain response to recollecting the 9/11 attack as compared to control events.

Sharot: Procedures

Three years after the attacks, participants were asked to retrieve memories of that day as well as memories of personally selected control events from 2001. Participants were split into 2 groups:

• The Downtown Group (they had been in downtown Manhattan, close to the World Trade Center, at the time of the attack)

• The Midtown Group (they were a few miles away)

• Placed in an fMRI scanner, participants saw a series of 60 cue words, either “summer” or “September.” On seeing the word September they had to provide a memory related to the terrorist attack. On seeing the word summer they had to provide an autobiographical memory from the preceding summer of 2001.

Sharot: Results

Selective activation of the left amygdala occurred when participants were recalling events from 9/11, but not control events. Selective activation of the left amygdala correlated with the proximity of the participant to the World Trade Center during the attacks.

Sharot: Conclusion

Results suggest supporting evidence for the idea that flashbulb memories have a unique neural basis. However, this is only true for individuals who personally experience the events. Close personal experience is critical to engaging the neural mechanism that underlies flashbulb memories. Selective activation of the left amygdala may be the neural mechanism of the flashbulb memory – the left amygdala is activated when the event that is being recalled is shocking and personally consequential.

Hamilton and Gifford: Uses

Biases, Dual Processing Model (System 1/Intuitive Thinking), Stereotype

Hamilton and Gifford: Aim

To investigate illusory correlations based on the co-occurrence of infrequent events.

Hamilton and Gifford: Procedures

Participants read a series of descriptions of behavior exhibited by two fictional groups, one larger than the other, to assess their perceptions of group characteristics. The ratio of good and bad actions between both Group A and B are equal.

Hamilton and Gifford: Results

Group A was overestimated to have more positive traits compared to Group B, and the vice versa appeared with negative traits.

Hamilton and Gifford: Conclusion

The study concluded that people form illusory correlations between group membership and behavior, leading to biased perceptions of groups based on their size. These were reinforced with confirmation bias

Snyder and Swann: Uses

Biases, Dual Processing Model (System 1/Intuitive Thinking), Stereotype

draganski

crockett

lapidus

cutler + 1 more pheromone idk

Makanova

Buss

Wedekin

Bruner

Van Hook

perosnal space one