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27 Terms

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Attack rate
Determines the proportion of a population that develops a disease during an outbreak or a specific period.
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Ratio
The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another.
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Rate
A ratio that differs from a proportion because the denominator involves a measure of time.
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Numerator
The number of health events.
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Denominator
The population in which the health event occurs.
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Proportion
A type of ratio where the numerator is part of the denominator.
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Percentage
A proportion that has been multiplied by 100.
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Formula for percentage calculation
(A/A + B) x 100.
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Count
The number of cases of a disease being studied.
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Lifetime Prevalence
Cases diagnosed at any time during a person’s lifetime.
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Point Prevalence
All cases of a disease that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population.
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Prevalence
The total amount of cases of a disease in a population.
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Incidence
The amount of new cases of a disease.
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Case Fatality Rate
The proportion of cases that result in death.
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Crude Rate
A type of rate not modified for demographic factors.
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Death rate
Expressed in terms of population size, like infant mortality per 1,000 live births.
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Cause specific rate
Mortality divided by the population size at the midpoint of time.
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Age specific rate
The number of cases per age group during a specified time period.
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Sex specific rate
Frequency of disease in a gender group divided by the total number within that gender group.
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Adjusted rate
Rate adjusted to allow fair comparisons across populations.
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Morbidity Measures
Measures related to the incidence and prevalence of diseases.
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Mortality Measures
Measures related to death rates, such as crude rates and case fatality rates.
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Fertility rate
The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years.
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Birth rate
The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.
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Limitations of crude rates
Does not adjust for differences in age, sex, or provide insights into specific groups.
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Relationship between incidence and prevalence
Incidence refers to new cases, while prevalence refers to total cases.
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Purpose of epidemiologic measures
To provide frequency of disease, associations between exposures and health outcomes, and the strength of relationships between exposures and outcomes.