Chapter 12: Diversity of Life

taxonomy

science of classifying organisms

taxonomy rankings from broadest to most specific

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

mnemonic for taxonomy rankings

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what are the main domains of life

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

which domain is single-celled and prokaryotic

archaea, bacteria

which domain has organelles and membrane-bound nuclei

eukarya

what are the kingdom types

archaea, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

whats the difference between archaea and eubacteria, eubacteria containing…

peptidoglycan in cell wall, no introns/histones, gram ±

gram-positive bacteria structure

thick peptidoglycan layer, stain dark purple, no outer membrane, minor periplasm outside plasma membrane, teichoic acids

gram-negative bacteria structure

thin peptidoglycan layer, stain pink, second outer membrane, periplasm between inner and outer membrane, LPS

what is in common with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

covered by capsule, secrete exotoxins

what is the purpose of a capsule

virulence factor protecting bacteria from drying out

what is LPS / lipoplysaccharide

endotoxin released when bacteria is destoryed

teichoic acids

polysaccharide connecting peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane for rigidity and structure

mnemonic for gram-positive features

PPT

what does PPT stand for

positive peptidoglycan teichoic acid

mnemonic for gram-negative features

LONG

what does LONG stand for

lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane, negative, gram

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotes

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: cell wall

both

when are cell walls present in eukaryotes

plants, fungi, some protists

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: steroids in membrane

eukaryotes

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: telomere and centromere on chromosomes

eukaryotes

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: nucleoid region

prokaryotes

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: introns and histones

both

when are introns and histones absent in prokaryotes

eubacteria

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: plasmids

both

how frequent are plasmids in eubacteria

frequent

how frequent are plasmids in archaea

sometimes

how frequent are plasmids in eukaryotes

rare

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: many origin of dna replication

both

which kingdom has 1 origin of dna replication

eubacteria

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: fast dna replication speed

prokaryotes

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: slow dna replication speed

eukaryotes

where does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes

simultaneously in cytoplasm

where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes

transcription 1st in nucleus, then translation in cytoplasm

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: post-transcriptional modification to rna

eukaryotes

what is the cell cycle length of prokaryotes and how do cells divide

short, binary fission

what is the cell cycle length of eukaryotes and how do cells divide

long, mitosis

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: cilia

eukaryotes

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: flagella

both

whats the location of glycolysis in prokaryotes

cytosol

whats the location of glycolysis in eukaryotes

cytosol

whats the location of pyruvate oxidation in prokaryotes

cytosol

whats the location of pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotes

mitochondrial matrix

whats the location of krebs cycle in prokaryotes

cytosol

whats the location of krebs cycle in eukaryotes

mitochondrial matrix

whats the location of ETC in prokaryotes

cell membrane

whats the location of ETC in eukaryotes

mitochondrial inner membrane

whats the location of ETC in eukaryotes for plants

thylakoid membrane

protists

kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms

types of like protists

fungus, plant, animal

how are fungus-like protists different from fungi

lack cell wall made of chitin, motile

how are fungus-like protists and fungi the same

saprophytic

how do fungus-like protists feed

by phagocytosis

how do fungus-like protists reproduce

by asexual reproduction and sporulation

why are plant-like protists important primary producers

algae encompass a large variety from having chloroplasts and photosynthetic ability

what do plant-like protists also include

diatoms, dinoflagellates

animal-like protists other name

protozoa

animal-like protists features

food vacuoles, amoeba, paramecium, heterotrophic, parasitic pathogens

fungi features

eukaryotic, heterotrophic saprophytes, predominantly haploid life cycle

hyphae

long branching filaments of fungal cells that extend out to form a network of fungi

how do fungi reproduce asexually

by budding or producing spores via mitosis

when do fungi reproduce asexually

in favorable conditions

when do fungi reproduce sexually

in unfavorable conditions

why do fungi reproduce sexually

to produce genetically different offspring with greater chance of survival

what happens during fungi sexual reproduction

alternate between haploid and diploid stages

what kind of organism are lichens

symbiotic autotrophs

what does it mean for lichens to be symbiotic autotrophs

fungus is paired with either algae or cyanobacteria

why is fungus paired with algae or cyanobacteria

protects the cyanobacteria/algae, provides with water and nutrients while cyanobacteria/algae photosynthesize to produce food for the fungi

animalia features

eukaryotic, diploid, multicellular heterotrophic aerobes

what phylum is animalia divided into

porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, rotifera, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordata

which phyla of animalia are acoelomate

platyhelminthes

which phyla of animalia are pseudocoeleomates

nematoda, rotifera

which phyla of animalia are coelomates

annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordata

mnemonic of the phyla of animalia

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how can triploblastic animals be distinguished

based on presence of coelom

what is a coelom

fluid-filled cavity

what happens with coelomates

mesoderm surrounds coelom on all sides

what happens with acoelomates

mesoderm does not surround coelom on all sides

what happens with pseudocoelomates

mesoderm partially surrounds coelom

what are coelomates further divided into

schizocoelomates or enterocoelomates

schizocoelomates cleavage

holoblastic, spiral, determinate

schizocoelomates occurance

protostomes

enterocoelomates cleavage

radial, indeterminate

enterocoelomates occurance

deuterostomes

porifera’s body symmetry

asymmetrical

porifera’s tissue organization

no true tissues (parazoan)

porifera’s other important facts

sessile (non-motile), aquatic habitats, earliest animals

cnidaria’s body symmetry

radial (around central axis)

cnidaria’s tissue organization

diploblast (2 cellular layers)

cnidaria’s other important facts

aquatic habitats

platyhelminthes’ body symmetry

bilateral

what is cephalization

concentration of nervous and sensory organs in the head

platyhelminthes’ tissue organization

triploblast, acoelomate

what is triploblast

3 germ layers

platyhelminthes’ embryonic development

protostome

what are protostomes

blastopore forms mouth

platyhelminthes’ other important facts

parasitic lifestyles, most primitive triploblast, has organs, non-segmented worms

nematoda’s body symmetry

bilateral