college test 2333

What are the functions of bones?

1. To protect internal organs
2. Source for red, white, platelet blood cell production
3. Store inorganic compounds
4. Move joints

What are the 4 major shapes of bones and give examples
(long)

Long bones- femur, radius, ulna, humerus, etc.

What are the 4 major shapes of bones and give examples
(short)

carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankle)

What are the 4 major shapes of bones and give examples
(flat)

ribs, skull, sternum

What are the 4 major shapes of bones and give examples
(irrigular)

vertebrae, pelvis

What do compact and spongy bones consist of?
(Compact)

Compact bone- osteons

What do compact and spongy bones consist of?
(spongy)

Spongy bone- trabeculae

Epiphyseal plate?

where bone grows- endochondral ossification

Epiphyseal line?

growth is complete; plate becomes line

Compare and Contrast endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification.

Endochondral ossification- lengthening of bones by replacing hyaline cartilage (long bone)
Intramembranous ossification- replaces connective tissue with bone

What blood cells does the red bone marrow make?

red, white, and platelets

axial skeleton?

skull, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum

Appendicular skeleton?

arms and legs, pelvis

What bones make up the zygomatic arch?

Temporal and zygomatic bone

What bones form the orbit (eye socket) of the skull?

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal

What bones form the hip bone?

Ilium, ischium, pubis

What is the clavicle?

Collar bone
attaches muscles of back, chest, arm
part of appendicular skeleton

Compare and contrast the male and female pelvis.

Female- Wider, lighter, thinner
Male- heavier, more curved

What are the steps of fracture repair?

1. Blood clots (hematoma forms)
2. fibrous tissue forms
3. osteoclast and phagocytes clean up site
4. callus forms

Where are the capitulum and trochlea located?

Humerus (at the base)

What are the functions of joints?

1. Attach bones
2. Allows bones to move
3. Allow bones to grow

What are the fibrous joints?

Syndesmosis, Gomphosis, sutures

What type of joint is between the vertebral bodies?

Cartilaginous, symphysis, synarthrotic

What reinforces a joint?

ligaments

What are the different types of synovial joints?

Condyloid, ball and socket, hinge, gliding (plane), pivot, saddle

What are the movements of joints?

Extension, hyperextension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, supination, pronation

What types of joints are found in the ankle and wrist?

gliding/plane

What are the functions of muscles?

Posture, tone, movement

Why do muscles have a striated appearance?

Light (I bands) and dark (A bands) bands create a sarcomere

What is the difference between a tendon and aponeurosis?

A tendon- attaches muscle to bone
Aponeurosis- attaches muscle to muscle

What are the steps of muscle fiber contraction?

1. Nerve impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through T tubule
2. Muscle impulse reaches the SR and releases calcium
3. Calcium enters the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin
4. Myosin heads bind to exposed active site of actin, forming cross bridges
5. Thin filament (actin) is pulled over thick filament (myosin)
6. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts

isotonic contractions

equal force-change in length

eccentric contractons

type of isotonic contraction when the force a muscle generates is less than that required to move or lift an object. (moving a small item)

isometric contractions

equal in length- change in force (yoga or pushing against wall)

concentric contractions

type of isotonic contraction in which there is shortening of a muscle

the differences between slow and fast twitch fibers

Slow twitch-red fibers, myoglobin, many mitochondria, lots of ATP
Fast twitch fibers- white fibers, little myoglobin, fewer mitochondria, well developed SR, contract rapidly, fatigue easy

Which type of muscle contracts more slowly?

smooth

Which type of muscle relaxes more slowly?

smooth

What connects cardiac muscle?

Intercalated disc

muscles of mastication

both pterygoids, masseter, temporalis

muscle that flexes and adducts the arm

pectoralis major

muscle that flexes the Cheeks

buccinator

muscle that flexes the calf

soleus

Orgin

immovable bone

Insertion

movable bone

Fulcrum

pivot point

What are the functions of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in muscle contraction?

Both affect smooth muscle
Can affect blood pressure by constricting blood vessels

Why do bones heal so quickly?

Bones are vascular

different types of fractures

Complete, incomplete, greenstick, compound, simple, oblique, transverse, chip, spiral, comminuted

What is osteoporosis? How does it specifically affect bones?

Osteoporosis affects specifically the spongy bone by breaking down the trabeculae. It can't handle the stress received and bone breaks.