HISTO 12: PH-AMERICAN WAR

Beginning of Cuban Revolution (Spanish-American War)

1895

Doroteo Cortes

sent a letter to US Consul Wildman asking for US aid

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

December 1897

Hong Kong Junta

Filipino revolutionaries’ government-in-exile

Banks the 400,000 php was deposited in

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of Australia, India, and China

orders received from Roosevelt to Dewey

1. order the squadron to Hong Kong

2. ensure Spain doesn’t leave the Asiatic coast

3. keep offensive operations in the Philippines

Commodore George Dewey

commander of the US Asiatic Squadron

Theodore Roosevelt (1898)

Undersecretary of the Navy

Captain Edward Wood

captain of the US Petrel

March 1898 meeting between Aguinaldo and Wood

On behalf of Dewey, Wood asked Aguinaldo to renew the war against Spain and offered the US’ assistance

Isabelo Artacho

filed a complaint demanding the division of the 400,000 received by the Spanish government

amount received by Artacho to withdraw the suit

5,000 php

H.W. Bray

English merchant who lived in the Philippines for 15 years but left due to tensions between the Philippines and Spain

Discrepancies between Aguinaldo and Pratts’ accounts of their Singapore meetings

1. role of Bray

2. Date of the 1st interview between Aguinaldo and Pratt

3. Conflicting accounts of the 1st and 2nd interviews

Aguinaldo’s accounts of the Aguinaldo-Pratt interviews

Pratt had told him that Filipinos had the right to renew their revolution bc the Spaniards had not complied with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and assured him that the US would lend aid to the Philippines

Pratt’s accounts of the Aguinaldo-Pratt interviews

Prat made no commitment of US assistance to the PH

Malacca

British Streamer Aguinaldo left Singapore on

Battle of Manila Bay

May 1, 1898

newspaper that published the Aguinaldo-Pratt interviews

Singapore Free Press

McCulloch

US boat used by Aguinaldo to leave Hong Kong for the Philippines

Capture of Subic

one of the 1st operations of the Philippine Navy

Irene

German warship that attempted to intercept Philippine forces from claiming Subic

Raleigh and Concord

US ships that aided the Philippine Navy in capturing Subic

Guardia de Honor

peasant society in Pampanga that worked with the Katipunan in continuing the insurrection

Teodoro and Doroteo Pansacula

operated the Katipunan in Zambales and advocated for the common ownership of property and distribution of property of the rich among the poor

Cruz na Bituin and Santa Iglesia

peasant societies in Pampanga and Tarlac that led guerrilla resistance and supported the brotherhood of men and redistribution of property

Basilio Agustin

Spanish governor who created a Filipino militia and consultative assembly after news of the Spanish-American War reached the Philippines

Pedro Paterno

leader of Agustin’s consultative assembly who demanded for an autonomous government and representation int he Spanish Cortes

Felipe Buencamino

commander of the Ande Salazar regiment in Manila; his defection signified the Filipino elites’ abandonment of the Spanish government

• later allied himself with the Americans

Mock Battle of Manila date

August 13, 1898

Mock Battle of Manila

staged battle between the US and Spain where Spain “lost” to the US; afterwards, Filipinos were barred from entering Manila

Ambrosio Flores

appointed governor of Manila in 1898

Leandro Ibarra

Secretary of the Interior who supervised the irregular election in Tondo in August 1898

Committee of Provisional Government

established in the Bicol provinces by the Spanish government consisting of prominent Albayanos; reorganized their own provincial and municipal governments

Roque Lopez and Pablo Araneta

organized the Iloilo principals against Spanish forces led by General Diego de los Rios

Federal State of the Visayas

(previously the Iloilo Provisional Government) established in Iloilo with Roque Lopez as president and Vicente Franco as vice president that viewed themselves as an equal member of a federal system

minimal anti-spanish sentiment

Western Visayas, Iloilo

Aniceto Lacson

led the provisional government in Bacolod after the surrender of the Spanish governor

Juan Araneta

appointed by Aguinaldo as politico-military governor of Negros; led a hacendero commission to negotiate with General Otis for their surrender in exchange for keeping the Negros cantonal government intact

June 18 decree

1. only citizens 20+ from an ilustrado/principalia background can vote

2. provincial and municipal government positions are to be chosen from among the principalia

3. military chiefs appointed for defense but excluded from civil government

Jefe local

president of the town

cabeza

headman of each barrio

Junta magna

popular council consisting of the president, councillors, and cabeza

Municipal president

collection of texts and rent, maintenance of peace and order

Councillor of Justice and Civil Registry

helps the municipal president in the formation of courts, keeping the various registers and holding the census

Councillor of Taxes and Property

collection of all taxes and the administration of public funds

Article 9 of the June 18 decree

1. commissioners were appointed to establish revolutionary governments

2. military chiefs who had wrested towns from the Spaniards were election commissioners

Colonial reforms of 1893

basis of the reorganized provincial and municipal governments

Outbreak of the Philippine-American War

February 4, 1899

Vicente Nepomuceno

corrupt provincial president who assigned an annual salary of 2,000 php to himself

Gregorio Evangelista

didn’t hold elections for cabezas, supervised elections with his brother-in-law

Ang Kaibigan ng Bayan

government newspaper in Barasaoin, Bulacan that attributed misgovernment to people’s inexperience (despite many abusive officials serving in the colonial government)

Philippine-American War as a race war

• US soldiers understand Filipinos in racial terms

• race play a key role in driving American violence against Filipinos

Formation of Malolos Congress

done in the name of an emerging “civilization” capable of expressing itself as an independent state

Itamo the Insurrecto: A Story of the Philippines

December 1898 story of an American soldier who comes to befriend a Filipino named Itamo; Itamo later sacrifices himself protecting the solder from a group of other Filipinos

Treaty of Paris date

December 10, 1898

Treaty of Paris

formally ended the Spanish-American War; the Philippines was formally ceded to the US

Felipe Agoncillo

sent to the US to lobby for Philippine independence

Felipe Agoncillo’s arguments to the US for Philippine Independence

1. US formal recognition of Philippine independence had already been established during Aguinaldo’s government’s negotiations with the US

2. Spain had no legal title or right to cede the Philippines to the US because the army of the Philippine revolution had already advanced sufficiently by the time of the US declaration of war

La Independencia

Philippine Republic’s official newspaper that served as a concrete and mobile representation of the republic’s “civilization”; highlighted the republic’s “modern government”

Inland expedition of luzon duration

November-December 1898

Inland expedition of Luzon

tasked with determining whether the institutions controlling the Filipino countryside constituted a state

William Wilcox and L.R. Sargent

naval officers who carried out the Inland Expedition of Luzon; final report recognized the legitimacy of the republic

Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation date

December 21, 1898

Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

laid a claim to US sovereignty over the Philippines; formal derecognition of the Philippine Republic

Elihu Root

authored the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

Al Pueblo Americano (To the American People)

spanish pamphlet translated into English and published by the Anti-Imperialist League that praised Filipinos’ education, literacy, art, and political and religious leadership

Anti-Imperialist League

US-based organization established in November 1898 that initially aimed to turn US public opinion against Philippine annexation in negotiations with Spain

Anti-Imperialist League common claims

1. annexation of the Philippines = “corruption” of the US body politics and “degrading” of US labor

2. some recognized the Philippine Republic and joined Philippine representatives in lobbying for Philippine independence

Philippine Commissions

Mckinley’s strategy to counter anti-imperialist claims of authority

goals of the 1st Philippine Commission

1. to serve as the crux of the War Department’s “policy of attraction” in which informants exchanged testimony favorable to US sovereignty for political patronage

2. to produce an authoritative record of events in the islands that would justify US aggression and undermine anti-imperialist arguments

Pardo de Tavera

editor of La Democracia

La Democracia

pro-annexation newspaper that recognized US sovereignty in the Philippines

effects of 1st Philippine Commission

1. ilustrado defections and political placements

2. La Democracia

3. displacement of Mabini’s faction within the Republic by Paterno’s conciliatory one

Policy of Attraction

US War Department’s effort to draw the ilustrado and principalia away from the Republic

races named by the 1st Philippine Commission to describe the Philippine population

Negrito, Indonesian, Malay

total number of “tribes” estimated by the 1st Philippine Commission

84

gu-gu, goo-goo

racial term used by US soldiers to describe Filipinos

date of the first end of the Philippine-American War by fiat

November 1899

General Arthur MacArthur November 1899 fiat

declaration of all future resistance as outlawry; killing of US soldiers = murder and civilization = acceptance of US sovereignty

Guerilla warfare under Aguinaldo

Aguinaldo divided the country into military zones, each with a military commander

Sandatahan

guerilla

disadvantage of guerrilla warfare for Americans

tropical disease, impassable roads, unfamiliar conditions

advantage of guerrilla warfare for Filipinos

geographic knowledge, village-level support that sustained ambushes against isolated American patrols

reasons that delayed Aguinaldo’s adoption of guerrilla warfare

1. Political symbolism of guerrilla warfare

2. concerns about how guerrilla warfare reflected the status of their civilization

Guerilla warfare characteristics

scattered organization, loosely-disciplined troops, looting-like acquisition of supplies, reliance on concealment and deception that violated Euro-American standards of masculine honor in combat

response of General Elwell Otis to guerrilla warfare

decentralized forces that split army into 4 departments + advancement of army into the hinterlands

The Sentry

sympathetic portrayal of a lonely US sentry on watch duty

General Teodoro Sandiko’s 1899 military order (Sandiko Order)

used as “evidence” of a Filipino race war in which Sandiko allegedly commanded Filipino soldiers inside US-occupied Manila to revolt and kill all white men inside the city

date President Theodore Roosevelt attempted to declare the Philippine-American War officially over

July 4, 1902

Bandolerismo Statute date

November 1902

Bandolerismo Statute

ended the war once again by fiat; defend any remaining Filipino resistance to American authority as “banditry”

Reconcentration Act of 1903

extended the war in tactical terms by authorizing the use of the wartime measure where necessary under civilian authority

“boondocks”

liminal, border region, with connotations of bewilderment and disorientation

Maine

US warship that was allegedly blown up by Spain in Havana on February 15, 1898

US declaration of War on Spain

April 25, 1898

Teller Amendment

US congressional Resolution that stated that the US would not annex Cuba but would help them gain independence from Spain

Surrender of Manila

August 14, 1898

Establishment of a dictatorial government by Aguinaldo

May 24, 1898

Establishment of a Revolutionary Government by Aguinaldo

June 23, 1898