Human Movement System and Bone Anatomy Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions for Unit 1, including the Human Movement System, Kinetic Chain, Nervous System components, and Bone Remodeling.

Human Movement System

The system consisting of the skeletal, nervous, and muscular system components working together to help the body move.

Kinetic Chain

A concept describing the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to create movement.

Interdependence

The mutual dependence on two or more links in the kinetic chain.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The system consisting of the brain and spinal cord that coordinates all activity done by the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The system that connects the nervous system to the body, collecting and analyzing sensory input.

Neuron

The smallest structural unit in the nervous system.

Proprioception

The body's ability to naturally sense the orientation and positioning of its parts.

Muscle Spindle

A sensory receptor that relays information back into the CNS to produce a reaction.

Stretch Reflex

A protective muscle contraction that occurs when muscles are being stretched at a high rate to prevent injury to soft tissues.

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A sensory organ whose activation causes a muscle to relax, preventing injury.

Osteoporosis

A medical condition characterized by reduced bone mineral density.

Wolff's Law

The principle stating that bone remodeling occurs along lines of stress placed on the bone.

Motor Unit

A single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Action Potential

A nerve impulse relayed from the CNS through the PNS and into muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The primary neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction involved in triggering muscle contraction.

Sliding Filament Theory

A series of steps in muscular contraction in which actin and myosin filaments slide past each other.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells involved in bone remodeling that function to remove old bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells involved in bone remodeling that function to build new bone tissue.

Afferent Pathways

Nervous pathways that carry sensory information into the Central Nervous System.

Efferent Pathways

Nervous pathways that carry motor signals away from the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body.

Type I Muscle Fibers

Slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers focused on stabilization, featuring increased oxygen delivery, low force production, and higher amounts of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin.

Type II Muscle Fibers

Fast-twitch muscle fibers characterized by quick fatigue, high force and power generation, decreased oxygen delivery, and lower amounts of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin.

Skeletal System

The organ system that provides body shape, protection, movement, blood production, mineral storage, structure, and leverage.

Posture of the Spine

The alignment of the spine that is crucial for load distribution of the spine and overall structural stability.