Midterm 2 Scientists

DNA sequencing

Frederick Sanger invented Sanger dideoxy method

PCR

Kary Mullis in 1984

Site-directed mutagenesis

Michael Smith

RNA interference (RNAi)

Andy Fire and Craig Mello

Carl Woese

• Discovered ribosomal RNA was highly conserved and could be aligned from multiple species

  • Protein synthesis by ribosome is ancient reaction carried by all living things, therefore is excellent barometer of evolution

• Found new class of life= archaea

• First to prove that all life on earth was related

Sperm whale myoglobin - first protein structure

John Kendrew and Max Perutz

3D structure of hemoglobin

Max Perutz

Suggested potential role for CRISPR-Cas as bacterial defense system

Koonin and Makarova

Showed that they could simplify the 2 natural RNAs into a single-guide RNA = sgRNA for repurposing CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing

Doudna, Charpentier, and colleagues

Linus Pauling

• Idea that sickle cell anemia might be caused by molecular defect in hemoglobin

• Proposed that compounds that resemble the transition state of an enzymatic reaction should be very effective inhibitors - transition state analogs

Lock-and-key model of substrate recognition by an enzyme

Emil Fischer

Induced-fit model of substrate recognition by an enzyme

Daniel Koshland

Structure of fungal fatty acid synthase at 3.1 angstrom resolution

Nenad Ban