hsa bad

my/o

muscle

oblique

indirect; slanting

kinesi/o

movement, motion

myositis

inflammation of the muscle

atrophy

the wasting away of a body organ or tissue

oste/o

bone

cost/o

rib

crani/o

relating to skull/cranium

kyph/o

hump

lord/o

curve, swayback

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

scoli/o

s curve (of the back)

ligament/o

ligament (binds bone to bone)

burs/o

bursa, sac of fluid near joint

enter/o

intestines

-gravida

pregnant

gynec/o

woman, female

electr/o

electricity

-graphy

process of recording, radiographic imaging

prostat/o

prostate/prostate gland

hyster/o

uterus, womb

-ectomy

surgical removal

-emia

blood condition

esophagi/o

esophagus (tube from the throat to the stomach)

epithel/o

skin, surface tissue

peri/o

surrounding

append/o

appendix

tonsil/o

tonsils/throat

gastro/o

stomach

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

BP

blood pressure

HBV

hepatitis B virus

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

S&S

signs and symptoms

SOB

short of breath

Stat

immediately

WBC

white blood cells

WNL

within normal limits

Hg

Mercury

Functions of the muscular system

movement, produce heat and energy, posture, protection

tendons

connective tissue, connect muscle to bone

ligaments

connective tissue, connect bone to bone

cartilage

protects bones and joints

muscle fibers

cells that make up muscle bundles

muscle fascia

membrane that covers and protects muscle

cardiac muscle

(myocardium) heart only, electrical impulse, involuntary

smooth

internal organs, internal movement, involuntary

skeletal

attached to bone, body movement, voluntary

excitability

can respond to stimulus

Contractibility

can become short and thick

extensibility

can extend and stretch

elasticity

returns to original shape

abduction

moving body part away from midline

adduction

moving body part toward midline

flexion

decreasing the angle between bones/bending a body part

extension

increasing the angle between bones/straightening (extending) a body part

rotation

turning body part on its own axis

circumduction

moving in a circle at a joint

axial skeleton

framework, protection, levers/movement, produce blood cells, store calcium

appendicular skeleton

consists of pelvic girdle, arm and leg bones

joint

two or more bones come together

diaphysis

shaft of long bone

epiphysis

end of long bone

spongy bone

contains red marrow

compact bone

hard part of the bone

yellow marrow

fat cells

periosteum

membrane that covers bone, site of new bone growth

medullary canal

cavity in diaphysis

endosteum

membrane lining inner surface of bony wall

long bone

longer than wide, supports weight and aids in movement (tibia, fibia)

short bone

cube shaped, stability and movement, ankle and wrist bones

flat bone

protects internal organs, skull, pelvis, sternum, ribs

irregular bone

complex shapes, vertebrae

sesamoid

protects tendons, patella

kyphosis

rounding of upper back

scoliosis

s curve of the spine

arthritis

inflammation of joint

bursitis

inflammation of bursa (knee, elbow, shoulder)

osteomyelitis

bacterial infection of bone and muscle

osteoporosis

weakening of bone, causes fractures in elderly

rickets

vitamin D deficiency over long time (in children)

diathrotic

freely movable: ball and socket of shoulder and hip or hinge joints of the elbow

amphiarthrotic

slightly movable: vertebrae

synarthrotic

immovable: cranium

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic autoimmune disorder causing inflammation of joints; crippling, more common in females

osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint

fracture

break/crack in bone

reduction

process of putting bone back into proper alignment

closed reduction

positioning bone with traction and applying cast/splint

open reduction

surgical repair of the bone, often with implants

dislocation

separation of bone from its joint

sprain

soft tissue injury at a joint-muscle, ligaments, tendons

tendonitis

inflammation of the tendons

leukemia

cancer that develops in bone marrow

Hippocrates

father of medicine; believed in natural causes of disease

Leonardo Da Vinci

drew detailed anatomical drawings, foundation for understanding the body

Andreas Vesalius

founder of modern human anatomy

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

first to see bacteria; improved the microscope

William Harvey

described blood circulation

Edward Jenner

developed smallpox vaccine