BIOL 2401 Unit 1

microorganisms/microbes

small organisms that need a microscope

microbiology

the study of small organisms

pathogen

microbes that cause disease

the roles of pathogens excluding nonpathogenic

medicine, biofuels, food, symbiotic relationships (such as resident microbiota)

bacteria

a unicellular prokaryote with a peptidoglycan cell wall; its special feature is that it has a diverse metabolism

archea

a unicellular prokaryote that has a cell wall made of pseudopeptidoglycan and can only be found in extreme environments, such as volcanoes and deep oceans

algae

unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic that has a cell wall with either cellulose or silica and performs photosynthesis

prokaryotic

cells with no true nucleus

eukaryotic

cells with a true nucleus

protozoa

a unicellular eukaryote that is diverse in its metaoblism and morphology

fungi

a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that has a cell wall made up of chitin and relies on chemicals

helminths

multicellular parasitic worms that are eukaryotes; they can be seen without a microscope but have microscopic stages

viruses

acellular microbes that are composed of proteins and genetic materal, and rely on a host for growth

what are examples of eukaryotes?

algae, protozoa, fungi, and helminths

what are examples of prokaryotes?

bacteria and archaea

taxonomy

the science of classifying organisms, such as description, identification, and naming

domain

broad level of taxonomy

three domains of life

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

genus and species

specific levels of taxonomy

binomial nomenclature

system of identifying organisms that includes genus and species name

what is the correct way to write nomenclature?

scientific name must be italicized or underlined, and genus first letter must be capitalized

eukaryotic definition of species

two organisms that can interbreed

prokaryotic definition of species

a population of cells that have similar characteristics

Bergey’s manual

the standard for classifying bacterial species

cell theory

cells are the fundamental unit of organisms

Robert Hooke

first scientist to see structures called cells by examining cork through a microscope he made

Anton van Leewenhoek

first scientist to see microbes, which he called “animalcules”, through a microscope he made

spontaneous generation

the idea that living things arise from nonliving things, such as maggots appearing on decaying meat

Francesco Redi

attempted to disprove spontaneous generation and hypothesized maggots appeared on meat because flies were able to lay eggs in meat; his experiment included putting meat in a closed system jar, but other scientists disagreed by saying Redi did not account for “vital force”

John Needham

attempted to prove spontaneous generation by pouring broth into a flask and sealing it, which resulted in microbial growth; he did not prove it because the broth was not heated for long and likely contaminated

Lazzaro Spallanzani

attempted to disprove spontaneous generation by pouring broth, boiling it for a long time and sealing it tightly, resulting in no microbial growth; this led to vital force being '“suffocated”

Louis Pasteur

a scientist who disproved spontaneous generation by creating an s-curved neck flask that trapped microbes in its neck; he also provided the foundation for microbes as causing disease and created pasteurization; he also developed vaccines against rabies, cholorea, and anthrax

Joseph Lister

insisted on handwashing and cleanliness during surgery to decrease chances of post-surgical infections

Robert Koch

proved bacteria can cause disease through cattle and anthrax; made Koch’s postulates to correlate specific microbes with specific diseases

vaccination

historical definition; using a less virulent pathogen to protect against a more virulent pathogen

Edward Jenner

created the first vaccine by seeing patients infected by cowpox would not be affected by smallpox and experimented by infecting a young boy with fluid from cowpox lesons

magic bullet

chemical that can kill a pathogen without affecting the host

Paul Ehrlich

created “magic bullet” by screening compounds until he found salvarsan to treat syphilis

Alexander Fleming

credited with discovery of first antibiotics called pencillin

aseptic technique

procedures used to prevent infection from pathogens

biogenesis

the theory that cells come from other cells

Robert Remak

published evidence of biogenesis

Rudolf Virchow

popularized biogenesis

germ theory

the theory that bacteria cause diseases

Ignaz Semmelweis

proposed physicians were causing pathogenic disease and insisted on cleanliness