ENTM FINAL EXAM

Adenotrophic viviparity

"gland fed, live birth"

- Fertilize one egg at a time and retain each egg within their uterus to have offspring develop internally

- Female feeds larva from modified uterine gland

- As 3rd instar, larvae leaves uterus and crawls into ground to pupate

- Emerges as adult and now must feed on own for first time

(Each female can produce only 8-10 offspring in her lifetime)

African trypanosomiasis

sleeping sickness

- protozoan pathogen of species Trypanosoma brucei

- invade blood lymph central nervous system -> sleeping disorder

nagana: animal form of sleeping sickness

Africanized "killer" bees

cross between European honeybee and African honeybee

- known for their increased defensiveness

Almond flower pollination in CA

European honeybee used for pollination of almond flowers, honey bee hives are brought in from around the US (2 hives per acre), In almond bloom, >80% of all available commercial hives in the US are in CA

Ant antennae

geniculate antennae / elbow-shaped

Used to smell, touch, feel, and communicate

Ant feeding habit

omnivorous - eat everything

milk of aphids and other small Hemiptera, insects and small living or dead invertebrates, as well as the sap of plants and various fruits. They also eat insect eggs

Some are parasitic of other ants

Many feed mouth to mouth (trophallaxis)

(seed collectors, honeydew drinkers, predators)

Ant-decapitating phorid flies

Parasitoids of ants

Typically Species specific and often caste specific

Antlion larva habit

larvae: predator

- require sandy soil/covered with something so they are protected from frequent /divert rain falls

- larvae: build funnel - like trap in sandy soil use to catch insect preys

Aposematic coloration

Bright warning colors in animals with a chemical defense.

Argentine ant biology

- Tend honeydew-producing plant pest: interferes w/ biological control

- Displaces some native arthropods

- Major urban / structural nuisance pest

- Unicoloniality, individuals mix freely among separate nests

- Vast population size / absence of intercolonial aggression in the introduced areas

similarity in cuticular hydrocarbon signature (colony odors)

Bite but cannot stingShallow nest in soil under rocks, logs, stepping stones, pavement

Army ant biology

- Aggressive predatory foraging raids

- Life without a permanent nest: bivouac - making a "nest" with their bodies

- Nomadic phase & Stationary phase: this depends on reproductive cycle of young ants (developmental)

Armyworm

Lepidoptera

- will eat anything in their path

- nocturnal larvae

- undergo seasonal migration

nonbiting midges

Family Chironomidae (non-biting midges)

- Common nuisance around bodies of water

- Frequently mistaken for mosquitoes (No bite, Wings are shorter than its body, Develops in mud on the bottom of lakes, ponds, Does not carry diseases)

biting midges

Family Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) aka no-see-ums

- Male and female feed on nectar, but females also feed from some kind of host animal for egg development

- Diverse feeding habit: vertebrate blood, insect hemolymph, etc

- Some are significant vectors of animal disease (ex: bluetongue virus in sheep )

Blackflies

Buffalo gnat (arched thorax, giving an appearance of miniature bison)

Females consume nectar and blood while males only feed on nectar

Bite: female only

Larvae: aquatic in flowing water

a. Feeding: fan-like labral from -> organic debris in flowing water

b. Attachment: silk -> starve or other substitutes w/ small hooks at end of their body

Adults are long distance flyers: Females in some species will fly several hundred kilometers in search of a blood meal

Adults are major nuisance pests in upper Midwest, New England and Canada

• In NA, about 6 species are known to bite human

Pupae: pupate inside of a sunken shelter (cocoon)

aquatic - "spiracular gill"

Blackfly and disease

River blindness (disease): aka onchocerciasis

Causative agent: microfilariae of a parasitic nematode (Genus Onchocerca)

Location: Equatorial Africa & Central America

Causative agent in parasitic nematodeNematode enter wound → develop into worm→ mature and migrate through the skinSymptoms = severe itching, bumps under skin

Treatment: Ivermectin

Blow flies in forensic entomology

- Tend to arrive first to the dead animal's body and lay eggs

- ID species, determine where they are in life cycle then backtrack to get TOD

Bombardier beetle defensive strategy

Hydrogen peroxide + Hydroquinone

chemical gas weapon

Book lung

respiratory organ for subphylum chelicerata (spiders, scorpions)

Cabbage butterfly

- Larvae only feed on / females lay eggs on plants containing glucosinolates

- Defensive compounds characteristic of plant

- Family Brassicaceae (cruciferous vegetables)

- Pests on cabbage and its relatives

Cabbage looper

Part of Noctuidae family

The caterpillar larvae are major pests

Caddisfly

Trichoptera

- Related to butterflies & moths (lepidoptera)

- Larvae have various feeding habits depending upon species (larval variability)

- Shredders/scrapers/collectors - larvae mostly feed on periphyton (layer of algae)

California dogface butterfly

only found in California

wings mimic a dog's face

The state insect (CA) since 1972

- Endemic range is limited to the state

- Color and pattern on the underside of wings are simple

Canine heartworm

The Anopheles Mosquito is a vector for this disease.

Cardenolide

a toxic chemical compound found in the milkweed plant that monarch butterflies eat and use against their predators

Carrion beetle

Coleoptera

(Family Silphidae) diet: dead animal , colonize carrion during all stages (from early to late) of decomposition, recycling nutrients, chemical defense: excellent deterrent

aposematic coloration

Casemaking clothes moth

- Unique ability to digest keratin

- Damages clothes and carpets

- Pests on animal hair

- Common in southern US, Georgia, and Florida

- Larvae construct cases to hide with various fibers and other materials available in their habitats

- Adult has 3 dark spots on wings

Larvae: pest on fabrics, prefer fabric that is old / contaminated

- Larvae carry case. If separated, they will die. As the larvae grow, they lengthen the case by building onto old case at each molt.

Characteristics of Insecta

3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)

wings: 2 pairs (always found in thorax)

compound eyes

1 pair of antennae

3 pairs of jointed legs

various mouthparts

Characteristics of Lepidoptera

- complete metamorphosis

- siphoning mouthparts proboscis

- wings have scales

- scales = modified hairs

- larvae feed on plants

- larvae spins silk

- greatest color variation

- major agricultural pest

Larvae have six true legs on thorax, plus abdominal and anal prolegs

- adults feed on nectar

Cochineal

- Sessile parasites on plants

- Lives on cacti in genus Opuntia

- Natural dye carmine is derived

Colorado Potato Beetle

Leaf Beetles (Family Chrysomelidae)

- Major Crop pests

- feed on several different plants within nightshade family

- Quickly develops resistance to insecticides

Corixidae respiration

Lack gills, carry air bubble down into the water to take oxygen from water

Crane fly biology

- Stilt-like legs may be easily shed (defensive mechanism)

Larvae are important soil engineers and either aquatic/terrestrial

Active during spring, after the rain, and at night

Emerges from the soil, flies low to mate and lay eggs

Lays eggs in the ground, the larva stays in the soul and looks like a maggot

Has halteres

Cryptic coloration

Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot.

Dance language of honeybee

wobble dance to tell other bees direction & distance to the food source (nectar, pollen)

- The foragers that return from flower sources

Diapause

a type of dormancy in insects that is associated with a period of unfavorable environmental conditions

Disease and body louse

Human body lice transmits epidemic typhus fever

bacteria: rickettsia

develop off human body

Diversity in insects

~ 1M named insect species, 1.9 million total species

Based on the number of known species (all animals, all plants, all virus, all bacteria, all fungi...), of the approximately 1.9 million presently recognized, just over half are insects.

Diving beetle feeding habit

predaceous

air bubble + natatorial legs

Dung beetle biology

(Family Scarabaeidae):

Adults eat soft dungrollers & tunnelers & dwellers

Dung as provision for: developing larvae

- Recyclers of animal dung

- associated with Re, supreme being and sun god in Egyptian culture Large horns for competition

Strong fliers

Ecdysone

Ecdysone is a hormone that is promotes molting and the metamorphosis of a larva to a butterfly.

Ecological advantages of dipteran insects

- Separate niches for life stages

- Adults dispersal ability: Some black flies travel > 100 km!

- Larvae specialize in rotting organic materials

- Short generation times for many species (7-10 days)

Ephemeroptera

Hemimetabolous, yet has two stages (subimago and imago) after nymphal stage

Unique to only this order and fairly dies shortly after becoming an adult. large triangular wing, 1 caudal filament & 2 cerci. adult terrestrial, nymphs aquatic. Ex. mayflies

Etymology of Hymenoptera

hymenos- meaning membrane and -ptera meaning wings

> 150,000 recognized species Evolved ~ 250MYA Diverse order!Complete metamorphosis

Etymology of Lepidoptera

butterflies and moths, "lepidpo" = scale, "ptera" = wing

Eusociality

Live in groups as adults

Cooperative brood care

Reproductive division of labor

Overlapping generation in adults

Evolution of hexapods

class Entognatha- may be polyphyletic and have internal mouth parts.

Protura: cone headed soil organisms.

Diplura: two-pronged bristletails. Collembola: springtails. Furcula: "jumping fork"

Fire ant adaptation

Seed harvesting (like harvester ants)

Firefly bioluminescent organ

Luminescent organ on abdomen

Involves specialized cells, photocytes [responsible for producing light]

Luciferin, luciferase, energy, oxygen

Highly efficient [no heat created, energy goes into light production]

Lights used to attract mates [adults]

Flight behavior and wing's aspect ratio

Lower Area Ratio promotes increased agility

Higher aspect ratio is better for gliding

Flight behavior of Tiger Swallowtail vs. Giant Swallowtail

Giant Swallowtail: bigger AR -> more bouts of gliding

Tiger Swallowtail: smaller AR -> more agile

Fly response to a corpse

Tend to arrive first to the dead animal's body and lay eggs

Foraging strategies in Myrmicinae

seed harvesting and fungus growing

Forensic entomology

The study of insects to determine such matters as a person's time of death.

Formic acid

defensive compound in some species of ants

Function of Malpighian tubules

filters hemolymph of metabolic wastes and transfer wastes to hindgut - comparable to kidney

Gliding ants

atratus ants hold their legs elevated and outstretched above the main body, and their gaster (the bulbous posterior body segment) fixed slightly below the main body axis

- use abdominal pitching motions to steer

Glucosinolates

Larvae only feed on / females lay eggs on plants containing glucosinolates of cabbage butterfly

- Defensive compounds characteristic of plant

Family Brassicaceae (cruciferous vegetables)

Gossamer-winged butterfly

- Family Lycaenidae

small, less colorful

- phytophagous or entomophagous (insect-feeding)

- 75% engage in an association with ant (some are parasitic)

Gulf fritillary

Agraulis vanillae

Species of butterflies from Family Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

Bright orange, long narrow wings

family: nymphalida

eorder: lepidoptera

largest family of butterflies

larvae have defensive spikes on body

Haltere

Small knob-like structure that exists behind each wing of flies and their relatives; function in stabilization during flight.

Hamulate wing-coupling mechanism

Hymenoptera wing

Harvester ant

seed-harvesting

Hemolymph functions

insect blood

transports nutrients, waste, and hormones

Holometabolous

Complete metamorphosis; egg, larva, pupa, adult

Hornet

a large stinging wasp

Nesting: on trees

Diet: hunt bee hives

aggressive + hunt bees

Hornworm

larvae of Tomato horn worm (Manduca quinquemaculata)

Major pests of tomatoes especially for organic gardeners (also potato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco - all members of nightshade family)

Cryptic but we can use UV to find them on host plants

Horsefly feeding

Adults: stout bodied powerful fliers w/ large eyes and excellent vision/both sexes feed on nectars

Females use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make an incision and then lap up the blood from the pool

Hydroquinone

Defensive strategy of bombardier beetles

Hymenoptera biology

ants, bees, and wasps

complete metamorphosis

2 pairs of wings (hamulate- hooks) and compound eyes

chewing and lapping mouthparts

stingers (modified ovipositor)

larvae pupate in apocrita

Hymenoptera sex determination

females develop from fertilized eggs while males develop from unfertilized eggs

Females can reproduce haploid males without mating

Haplodiploidy

Jewel beetle characteristics

family buprestidae-

description = texture cuticle, shiny/metallic, thin film interference

-diet = wood of trees-some are pryphils, organs sensitive to radiations

-can detect radiation from heat and fires; forest fires

Larvae and adults in Diptera

No legs, sometimes spines diurnal , active but some are nocturnal or crepuscular (active at dusk or dawn)

larvae stay in or around their food source

primitive flies- caliciform type larvae (presence of distinct head capsule)

vermiform type larvae- maggots (without head capsule reduced to hooks)

Halteres: gyroscope (excellent aeralists)

Leaf beetle

Coleoptera, Fam Chrysomelidae

- Major Crop pests

- feed on several different plants within nightshade family

- Quickly develops resistance to insecticides

Leaf-cutter ant biology

- Unique farming of fungus. They collect leaf(leaves) to serve as the nutritional substrate of their fungus

Constantly taking out pathogenic fungus or molds & also produce antimicrobial compounds

Leaf-cutter bees

Uses hollow stems of plants, holes in solid wood, other protected natural cavities

- Semi-domesticated (live in man-made nests (easy to domesticate)

have a tuft of hair on the abdomen used to collect pollen (scopae)

Leishmaniasis

vector: sandfly

40 diff sand fly species (vector)

20 diff protozoan parasite species

very specific vector/parasite combo

Cutaneous (most common), visceral, mucocutaneous

Risk factors: malnutrition, poor hygiene, poverty, urbanization, deforestation

Prevention: sleep under mosquito nets treated with insecticide

Treatment: depends on the species parasite and where contracted

- occur in US military

Lycaenidae biology

gossamer-winged butterflies

small in body size and less colorful than other families

diverse in their food habits: phytophagy, entomophagy

(75%) larvae associated with ants

master manipulators = nest parasitism

Maggot therapy

use of larvae of a species of blow flies that secrete an enzyme that dissolves dead tissue

Debridement: removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissues to improve healing potential of remaining healthy tissue

Disinfection - secrete several different compounds that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (uric acid, allantoin, ammonia; antibacterial peptide)

Mayfly characteristics

- adults do not feed, only disperse, mate, and die

- Large triangular front wings

- 1 median caudal filament and 2 cerci (long)

- Adults terrestrial, nymphs aquatic (respire thru abdominal gills)

- Relatively long life cycles (live as nymphs for months to years)

- Subimago stage

- final stage before molting to adult (imago)

Mass emergence swarms, lay eggs in water

Very important in food webs

Medico-legal forensic entomology

This is the study of how insects or their remains are used in the investigations of death, abuse, and neglect cases

Mimicry

"Classic" Mimicry: An insect blends in with its surroundings. Ex. Leaf insects, stick insects

Batesian mimicry: An unprotected species (mimic) evolves to look like a protected species (model)

ex: Coral Snake (venomous ) & Milk snake (non-venomous)

Mullerian Mimicry: A chemically protected species (mimetic #1) evolves to look like another protected species (mimetic #2)

Mosquito and diseases

Culex Mosquito: Disease Vector for West Nile Virus (WNV)

Aedes Mosquito: Disease Vector for Dengue, Yellow Fever, WNV, and Zika

Anopheles Mosquito: Vector for Mammalian Malaria and Canine Heartworm

Moths vs. butterflies

Moth: feather like (bipectinate) or thin antennae, Cocoon (silken case surrounding pupa), body robust, wings flat at rest, often nocturnal

Butterflies: Thicker antennae with bulbs or hooks on end,

Chrysalis (is the pupa, with hardened protein exoskeleton as outer protection), body thinner, wings upright at rest, diurnal

Natatorial leg

swimming leg

Nesting habits in wasps

new nest every year and is constructed out of wasp paper made by chewing wood and other plant debris mixed with saliva

no wax producing gland

Wasps lay eggs in caterpillars' body

As eggs hatch, they feed on caterpillars' internal organs

When ready to pupate, larvae emerge and spin cocoon on the

surface of the hornworm

From these cocoons, new wasps will emerge

Neuropteran feeding habit

- Lacewings (family Chrysopidae) and antlions (family Myrmeleontidae), are predatory and feed on other insects

- mantispids (family Mantispidae), feed on nectar and pollen as adults

Nymphalidae leg

adults have reduced forelegs

stand only on 4 legs while the other two are curled up

Ocelli

Simple eyes on an insect used to sense light

Ommatidia

light sensing units make up compound eyes

Onychophora characteristics

Bilaterally symmetrical

Gas exchange via trachea

Open circ system

Exoskeleton

Link b/w worms and arthropods

velvet/walking worm

Osmeterium

defensive organ of caterpillars that emits odorous chemicals "Smelly horn" (chemical defense)

Parasitoid vs. predators

-parasitoid: needs only one host to complete life cyle

- predator: needs a lot of prey to complete one life cycle

Pentatomidae characteristics

Shield and Stink bugs

Distinct angular shape

Brightly colored

Noxious odors (hence stink bugs!)

Some are agricultural pests

Pheromones

Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species.

Phorid flies and ants

some are parasitoids of ants and can be used in biocontrol

ant decapitating (lay eggs on ants thorax → larvae migrate to the ant's head and feed on hemolymph, muscle, and nerve tissue

family formicidae

ants are eusocial (small workers- nurses, medium workers- colony maintenance and foraging, large workers- soldier)

Pollen basket

on hind leg tibia of European honey bee

Problems caused by invasive ants

threaten ecosystem stability = generate significant environmental and economic costthreaten biodiversity, spread diseasealter stability and quality of ecosystem processes

Proleg

abdominal legs found in caterpillars

Proventriculus

gizzard - grind food before it enters midgut